<p>The Crane and Company Old Stone Mill Rag Room is one of the oldest surviving buildings  of Crane & Co., one of the oldest papermaking businesses in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. It is located in southwestern Dalton, on a site where paper has been manufactured since the early 19th century. The building, originally used for processing rags, has housed the Crane Museum of Papermaking since 1930, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Zenas Crane began making paper in Dalton in 1801, taking full ownership of an established operation at the Rag Room site in 1822. In the mid-1840s his sons constructed the Old Stone Mill, of which the Rag Room is the only surviving portion. The Rag Room is where Cranes grandson Winthrop Murray Crane learned the business; through his efforts Crane secured a monopoly contract to provide paper for the nations currency, which it still holds today.</p><br>
<p>The Rag Room is a gray fieldstone building with a slate roof. Its interior is a large open space that houses exhibits and artifacts of the company&#39;s history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Zenas Crane (1777–1845) was educated in the processes of paper manufacturing in a mill owned by his brother Stephen in Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts. After a stint at another paper mill in Worcester, Crane traveled west into Berkshire County in 1799, looking for potential papermaking sites. He found a highly desirable site in Dalton, but the owner, a local farmer, was unwilling to part with it. Crane instead established his business on a nearby parcel in 1801. Other papermakers followed over the next ten years, notably Henry Wiswell and David Carson, who acquired the more desirable site and established what became known as the Red Mill. Through a series of partnership and purchase transactions, Crane eventually acquired control of the Red Mill, taking full ownership in 1822.</p><br>
<p>In 1842 Zenas Crane retired, leaving control of the Red Mill to his sons Zenas Marshall Crane and James Brewer Crane. They founded Crane & Co., and set about expanding the business, beginning construction of what became known as the Stone Mill. The Rag Room was part of this construction effort, and was built in 1844.</p><br>
<p>A visit in January 1851 inspired Herman Melville the second part of his short story The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids.</p><br>
<p>In 1869 the Stone Mill was damaged by fire; while it was being repaired in 1870 the Red Mill was destroyed by fire. The Stone Mill was then expanded, and also became known as the Pioneer Mill. The Stone Mill was used by the firm until the 1890s, when most of it was demolished, leaving only the Rag Room.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the company adapted the Rag Room for use as the company museum, a role it has filled since. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. In 2005 it became part of the listed Cranesville Historic District, which includes, among other properties, the 1816 home of Zenas Crane.</p><br>
<p>The Rag Room was where Zenas Marshall Cranes son, Winthrop Murray Crane (1853–1920), began his career in the papermaking business. In 1878 he was responsible for acquiring Crane & Co.s exclusive government contract to manufacture the paper used in the currency of the United States. In addition to running Crane & Co. during the late 19th century, Murray Crane served as Governor of Massachusetts and United States Senator, and played an influential role in Republican Party politics.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rag Room is a single-room single-story gray fieldstone building. It is three window bays wide and seven long, featuring stepped gable ends and a slate roof. It originally stood at the southwest part of the Stone Mill complex, and its north end was where it connected to the larger mill buildings. The building was where rags arriving at the mill were processed at the start of the papermaking operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the northern facade was given a proper entranceway with transomed doors and Doric columns below a frieze identifying the building as the Crane Museum. Above this doorway a circular window was also added. The slate roof and its support beams were also replaced in 1930, but without altering the exterior lines of the building. A late 19th century brick addition to the east side of the building (not a part of the landmark designation) is screened from view by plantings. The interior of the building is a single large space in which artifacts from the company&#39;s history are displayed. Displays included tools used by Zenas Crane and a replica of the early vat process equipment used to make paper.</p><br>
<p>The museum is closed until further notice.</p><br>
<p>Register Cliff is a sandstone cliff and featured key navigational landmark prominently listed in the 19th century guidebooks about the Oregon Trail, and a place where many emigrants chiseled the names of their families on the soft stones of the cliff it was one of the key checkpoint landmarks for parties heading west along the Platte River valley west of Fort John, Wyoming which allowed travelers to verify they were on the correct path up to South Pass and not moving into impassable mountain terrainsgeographically, it is on the eastern ascent of the Continental Divide leading upward out of the Great Plains in the east of the USA state of Wyoming. It is notable as a historic landmark for registering hundreds of emigrants on the Oregon Trail  who came to follow custom and inscribed their names on its rocks during the western migrations of the 19th century. An estimated 500,000 emigrants used these trails from 1843 to 1869, with up to one-tenth dying along the way, usually due to disease.</p><br>
<p>Register Cliff is the easternmost of the three prominent emigrant "recording areas" located within Wyoming, the other two being Independence Rock and Names Hill.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>According to its nomination, the site was where emigrants would camp on their first night west of Fort Laramie. The property was donated by Henry Frederick to the state of Wyoming, to be preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Register Cliff is a soft, chalky, limestone wall rising more than 100 ft above the North Platte River. It consists of The horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks eroded by the river. Level grass plains run from the cliff to the river. Primary erosion was by water and the continuing effects of wind and rain have little changed its features.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Arts Center of Leavenworth, Kansas an historic building in namesake city. It was originally the Leavenworth Public Library. Constructed in 1900 with funds donated by Andrew Carnegie, the two-story brick and limestone building was the first Carnegie Library in Kansas. The architect was Marshall R. Sanguinet of Fort Worth, Texas, who designed the Dallas Public Library at the same time. It is listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>From 1902 to 1987, the building housed the Leavenworth Public Library. From 1987 to 2012, the Carnegie Arts Center was housed in this building. It was a nonprofit organization which taught visual arts, painting, art history, music, dance, pottery and drama in the Leavenworth community for 25 years.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 upon the disbanding of the nonprofit organization, ownership of the building was reverted to the city of Leavenworth, Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow House is a historic house at 72-80 Ober Road in the Oak Hill village of Newton, Massachusetts. Built in 1887, it is one of the last private residences designed by noted American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. It was converted into condominiums in the 1980s by the PBS program This Old House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bigelow House is located high on Oak Hill, from which the Newton neighborhood takes its name. It is a large -story wood-frame structure, with a rambling structure organized roughly around a central courtyard. It is in the Shingle style, with a combination of roof types. A small turret with conical roof projects from the buildings southwest corner. The main section of the house is on the east side of the courtyard, with the southern wing primarily servants quarters and facilities, and the carriage house to the north.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, and was one of the famous architect&#39;s last residential commissions before his death in 1886. The house was built for Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow, a prominent Boston surgeon best known for his role in organizing the 1846 demonstration of ether as an anesthetic, but also important for developing surgical techniques for correcting dislocated hips.</p><br>
<p>His house was during the 20th century converted into a dormitory space for the New England Peabody Home for Crippled Children, whose main facility was built adjacent to the house. By the 1970s the property was owned by the city of Newton and in deteriorating condition. It was restored and divided into five condominium units in the 1980s by the PBS television series This Old House. Some of the original features, including a circular tower, have been preserved. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places at 742 Dedham Street.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas R. McGuire House, located at 114 Rice Street in the Capitol View Historic District of Little Rock, Arkansas, is a unique interpretation of the Colonial Revival style of architecture. Built by Thomas R. McGuire, a master machinist with the Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, it is the finest example of the architectural style in the turn-of-the-century neighborhood. It is rendered from hand-crafted or locally manufactured materials and serves as a triumph in concrete block construction. Significant for both its architecture and engineering, the property was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 19, 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>McGuire, then in his mid-20s, started building the property in 1904 at lot 4, block 4 of the newly platted Capitol View addition to the City of Little Rock. Using his own plans, he almost singlehandedly erected the entire structure with only minimal help, most notably with installing the massive stone lintel above the front door and erecting the A-frames for the roof. Beyond that, McGuire poured the concrete for the bricks from an immense vat in the front yard. He used clay and molds to form the capitols for the front and side porches, and he installed the oak woodwork inside the structure. He also cut the slate for the roof and the facade.</p><br>
<p>McGuire&#39;s skill with metal-working equipment is evident throughout the house which features handmade metal columns on the front and side porches and two handmade brass light fixtures suspended from the ceiling in the entry foyer and the dining room. The kitchen walls are lined with metal to protect them from kitchen appliance heat. Before city water became available to the area, McGuire had worked out a system to catch rain running off the roof and channel it through a sand-and-charcoal filter system to a holding tank on the back porch.</p><br>
<p>By 1906, the shell of the building was complete and the McGuires moved in, first living in the back bedroom and kitchen areas as the rest of the house was slowly finished. Two children were born in that bedroom: Thomas Jr. on July 13, 1907, and R.W. on December 23, 1910. The building was substantially finished by 1915 with the completion of the front living room and the entry foyer.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural details</h2><br>
<p>The McGuire house is a -story, cast-concrete block residence on a continuous poured concrete foundation built on a rectangular plan in a vernacular design with Colonial Revival details. The hipped roof and ridge of each gable are topped by metal cresting. A dentil course runs below the cornice all the way around the structure.</p><br>
<p>The eastern or front facade consists of a gabled roof segment on the north end, a flat-roofed wrap-around porch extending around the south elevation, a dormer with pediment, a projecting porch pediment, and a brick chimney turned 45 degrees to serve fireboxes in four interior rooms. The porch is supported by three cast-iron and metal Greek Ionic columns with molded clay doric capitals. Poured concrete steps lead to a concrete sidewalk; an iron boot scrape is set in the bottom step. The north gable/pediment and adjacent dormer feature two windows, each in slate, as is the entire roof. The dormer is capped with a pediment and a dentil course runs below the cornice. A single window, also with a leaded glass window atop a stationary pane, is set in the north end of the east elevation; another stationary leaded glass window is set on the south wall facing the porch. Two tall sidelights are set adjacent to the front door, which has a large glass pane set into it; a leaded glass transom sits atop the door surrounds. All of the casing is oak. A large stone lintel tops the arrangement. The porch has a pressed tin ceiling and its floor is covered in unglazed tile.</p><br>
<p>The southern elevation includes the rest of the wrap-around porch and a protruding three-sided gable-roof topped bay. There is one double-hung window on the porch facing south; it features a leaded glass pane over a single pane. A door with two large frames of glass is set in the bay opening onto the porch. A double-hung, one-over-one window is set in the southern and southeastern sides of the bay; two more double-hung, one-over-one windows, featuring single leaded-glass panes, are set in the wall west of the bay.</p><br>
<p>The western elevation features a gable with twin two-over two windows inset in a wooden casing. The gable/pediment is covered in slate. An almost-full, flat-roofed poured concrete rear porch is supported by four square metal posts with plain metal capitals. A one-over-one, double-hung window is set in the southern end of the elevation, just off the porch. Two doors open onto the back porch; the northernmost door has leaded glass, the other a single pane. Another one-over-one, double-hung window at the northern end of the porch finishes the rear elevation. There is a concrete cistern under the north end of the porch that was used to hold rainwater when the home was first built.</p><br>
<p>The northern facade features a half porch supported by two smaller columns identical to those on the front porch. It has a flat roof, a pressed-tin ceiling, and a mosaic tile floor. There also is a storage area beneath the porch. The wall projects slightly west of the porch. This gabled bay features two leaded-glass windows atop two single panes of glass within the pediment and at the first-floor level. The central window of the three is slightly wider and has leaded glass in its top pane. Just west of the arrangement is another pair of double-hung, one-over-one windows separated by a similar half column.</p><br>
<p>The interior walls are constructed of beaverboard; the kitchen walls, now covered by paneling, are encased in sheet metal. Several rooms have pressed tin ceilings. All of the interior trim is oak, as is much of the tongue-and-groove flooring. One striking feature is a beveled glass door to the closet opposite the bathroom door. There are pocket doors between the dining room and the front bedroom.</p><br>
<p>Baumann House, also known as the Martz House, is a historic property located on Four Mile Road in Camp Springs, Kentucky, a rural area of Campbell County, Kentucky. The house was built in c.1852 as part of a settlement of German immigrants. The structure was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story three-bay stone house, built c.1852.</p><br>
<p>Camp Springs House, also known as Herb and Pat&#39;s Four Mile Inn and as Camp Springs Inn, is a historic property located on Four Mile Road in Camp Springs, Kentucky, a rural area of Campbell County, Kentucky. Originally built as a stage coach stop and inn, the stone building was constructed as part of a settlement built by German immigrants in the mid-19th century. The structure was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is an "imposing" three-and-a-half-story stone tavern and residence.</p><br>
<p>Camp Springs House was built in the 1860s for William Uthe by the Ort brothers. It is built of rubble limestone from the creek and surrounding land. It took about 4 years to build. It served as a stagecoach stop, tavern and inn. At one time it also served as a post office for the community. Over the years it has been a gathering place for the community. The 2nd floor once had a dance hall and card room. It was also popular for its beer garden and horseshoe tournaments. In the 1900s there was a ball field, restaurant/bar and pool hall.</p><br>
<p>The Gardner–Pingree House is a historic house museum at 128 Essex Street in Salem, Massachusetts. It is judged to be a masterpiece of Federal architecture by the noted Salem builder Samuel McIntire, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972 for its architectural significance. It is owned by the Peabody Essex Museum as part of its architectural collection.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a three-story brick structure, rectangular in shape, with a three-story ell extending the rear. The brick is laid in Flemish bond, and the trim is white marble. The roof is surrounded by a low balustrade above a modillioned cornice, and is pierced by two interior brick chimneys. There are marble trim bands separating the floors, and the third floor windows are shortened. All windows have black shutters, and are topped by lintels with a keystone. The main entrance is sheltered by an elliptical portico supported by four Corinthian columns. The doorway is framed by sidelight windows and an elliptical fanlight, with pilasters rising to the base of the portico top. The house interior features lavishly-carved woodwork in the public spaces on the first floor, including fireplace mantels, cornices, internal window shutters, and the stairway balustrades.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1804 by Samuel McIntire in a Federal style for John and Sarah (West) Gardner. John bought the lot from his father (John Gardner, Sr) whose cousin (John Gardner III) was the grandfather of John Lowell Gardner I. John and Sarah sold the house to her brother, Nathaniel West, to cover shipping losses related to events leading up to the War of 1812. The house was sold, in 1814, to Capt. Joseph White. David Pingree bought the house in 1834. In 1933 descendants of David Pingree gave the house to the Essex Institute, which merged with the Peabody Museum of Salem to form the Peabody Essex Museum.</p><br>
<p>The house was the site of the notorious 1830 murder of Capt. Joseph White, whose death prompted a famous trial prosecuted by Daniel Webster. The trial inspired Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne.</p><br>
<p>The house was one of the filming locations for the 1979 Merchant Ivory film adaptation of Henry James&#39; novel The Europeans.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and is a contributing property to both the Essex Institute Historic District and the Salem Common Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The John B. Gough House, also known as Hillside, is a National Historic Landmark at 215 Main Street in Boylston, Massachusetts. It is significant as the home of temperance orator John B. Gough, and as an excellent example of Italianate architecture. Gough was born in England and came to the United States as a child. After the death of his mother in 1835, his life descended into alcoholism, until he took a temperance pledge in 1842. In 1846 he married Mary Whitcombe, a Boylston native, and in 1848 built this two story farmhouse, which is where he lived until his death in 1886.</p><br>
<p>The house is roughly square in plan, with three bays on each side, and is topped by a flat roof with a square belvedere on top. It has wide overhanging eaves studded with brackets, and a wide porch spans the width of the front. Additions have been added onto the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>George F Fuller, president of the Wyman-Gordon Co. purchased the John B Gough Farm in March 1930. He also purchased the Bancroft Farm and the Anderson Farm as well. This was part of the New England Power Construction Company purchase. Worcester Daily Telegram March 1930.</p><br>
<p>After Gough&#39;s death, the house was purchased by William J. Hogg, owner of the Worcester-based Crompton Carpet Company. For much of the 20th century the estate served as the campus of the Shepherd Knapp School, and in the 1980s the property was acquired by Digital Equipment Corporation and used as a training facility. It is now in under the control of the Boylston Historical Society, which is working to restore the property.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>A photo of the house appears on page 491 of the 1899 book.</p><br>
<p>John-gough-house-1800s.jpgHillside in the 1890s after it was sold to William Hogg. Photo shows Mrs. May Hogg and Mrs. William C. Marble</p><br>
<p>John-gough-house-view.jpg1890s view from the John B. Gough house in West Boylston, Mass. Photo shows members of the Hogg family, who bought the house after Gough&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>Hillside view.jpgHillside view</p><br>
<p>Another Hillside view.jpgAnother Hillside view</p><br>
<p>Lowell&#39;s Boat Shop  is a National Historic Landmark at 459 Main Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The shop was built in 1793 by Simeon Lowell. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Located on the banks of the Merrimack River, Lowells Boat Shop is considered to be the birthplace of the legendary New England fishing dory, originated by Simeon Lowell. His grandson, Hiram, further developed the dory into the simplified Banks dory design that became a mainstay of New Englands fishing fleets. An historian remarked, "A Lowells dory to a fisherman was like a hammer to a carpenter". Hiram also created a seminal form of assembly line production that made Lowells the worlds preeminent dory manufacturer of its day. It is said to have greatly influenced Henry Fords mass production processes. Within the boat shops buildings remain such interesting historic features as ancient ships knees and heavily worn floorboards, and two centuries of accumulated paint coat the floors. The oldest buildings remaining on the site are combined Greek Revival structures that were built in the 1860s. A cross-beam features annual production figures, branded into the wood from 1897 through 1919, reveal that 2,029 boats were built here, by hand, in the single year of 1911. Lowell&#39;s Boat Shop is also a rare survivor of the many various industries for which the Merrimack River Valley region was known.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1990s, it was decided that the boat shop had to function as a charitable institution to insure its continued operation. To facilitate this transition, The Trust for Public Land helped form the Lowell&#39;s Boat Shop Trust and purchased the property. In 1994, the Trust for Public Land granted a preservation easement over the property to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Newburyport Maritime assumed ownership of the shop in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Today, Lowells Boat Shop is a working boat shop and living museum. The shop continues to build dories and skiffs in the tradition of the seven generations of the Lowell family. Its rich history is conveyed through boat building classes, model dory classes, apprenticeships, onsite programs for scouts, local schools and at-risk youth. Lowells Boat Shop actively encourages boat building, tourism and maritime fine arts with affiliations with a variety of government agencies and non-profit organizations. During the boating season, members are able to row Lowell&#39;s dories as a part of the Members Open Waterfront Program. The Boat Shop is fully accessible to the handicapped and guided tours are offered by appointment.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, Lowells Boat Shop was chosen to participate in an for Americas last extant whale ship, the Charles W. Morgan. A group of local high school apprentices have assisted in the construction of an historically accurate Beetle-design whaleboat replica, which will accompany the Charles W. Morgan when her restoration is complete.</p><br>
<p>Blau&#39;s Four Mile House, also known as the Reitman House, is a historic property located on Four Mile Road in Camp Springs, Kentucky, a rural area of Campbell County, Kentucky. The house was constructed by Nicholas Reitman as part of a settlement built by German immigrants in the mid-19th Century. The structure was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is a -story rubble limestone house built into a hillside.</p><br>
<p>The Ellen H. Swallow Richards House is a National Historic Landmark house at 32 Eliot Street in Jamaica Plain, a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It was the home of Ellen Swallow Richards  from 1876  until her death. Richards was the first woman to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and was its first female instructor. She introduced revolutionary ideas about home sanitation, and conducted pioneering work  that led to the establishment of the field of home economics. The house itself was regularly altered as a consequence of her research, and was used by Richards as a consumer product testing laboratory. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Richards house is, from its exterior, a fairly typical two story Italianate house. It stands at the corner of Eliot and Dane Streets on a generously sized lot. The house is three bays wide and two deep, with an ell extending along most of the width of its rear. It is clad in clapboards, and has a low-pitched hip roof with a small gable above the main entrance, and a hip-roof dormer in the rear. The eaves are decorated with sawn brackets. The windows on the street-facing facades are treated with decorated surrounds, and there are projecting polygonal bays on the side facades.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house, in particular the kitchen in the rear ell, was extensively modified by the Richardses after they moved in during 1876. The most significant changes affected the plumbing and air circulation within the house. The house water was supplied by a well, and Richards ensured that the drainage around the house would not direct wastewater toward it. Pipes in the house were regularly modernized, including the introduction of traps to prevent mixing of fresh and waste water. Lead pipes were replaced because of the known risk of lead poisoning.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the introduction of electricity to the area, the house was lit by gas and heated by coal. To reduce health concerns caused by fumes from these sources, Richards made modifications to improve air circulation. Windows were replaced with ones that could open either upward or downward, so that warmer (polluted) air might escape through the upper opening. Holes were cut in walls an ceilings above lights and heating fixtures to facilitate the removal of combustion byproducts. A master vent was installed at the attic level, and a mechanical ventilation system was installed. A range hood was installed over the stove in the kitchen. As soon as electricity was available in the neighborhood, the Richardses had the house electrified, removing many sources of combustion. They were also among the first in the area to have a telephone.</p><br>
<p>Richards used her own domestic processes to perform experiments and improve efficiency. The gas meter in the house was placed in the kitchen, where she could observe consumption with different cooking methods. All manner of home gadgetry was subjected to testing, either by Richards or by students who boarded with the family, testing for efficiency and effectiveness for intended tasks. These experiments, in conjunction with laboratory work performed while she worked at MIT&#39;s Sanitary Chemistry Laboratory, led to the discipline now known as home economics. Her other work at that lab led to improvements in areas as diverse as wastewater engineering and the proper ventilation of industrial spaces to avoid fires.</p><br>
<p>The Richards house was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, in recognition for Ellen Swallow Richards&#39; many accomplishments. The house is also a contributing resources to the Monument Square Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Kort Grocery, also known as Camp Springs Grocery, is a historic property located on Four Mile Road in Camp Springs, Kentucky, a rural area of Campbell County, Kentucky. The stone building was constructed by Peter Kort in 1880 as part of a settlement built by German immigrants. The structure was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It was built as a grocery store. It is a -story stone commercial store and residence built along a hillside. Its five-bay front faces Four Mile Pike.</p><br>
<p>America’s National Churchill Museum , is located on the Westminster College campus in Fulton, Missouri, United States. The museum commemorates Sir Winston Churchill, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and comprises three elements: the Church of St Mary Aldermanbury, the museum itself, and the Breakthrough sculpture. The London church was renovated by English architect Christopher Wren in 1677, damaged during World War II, and deconstructed and rebuilt in Missouri in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The central element of America’s National Churchill Museum is the Church of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, a 17th-century church moved stone-by-stone to Fulton from its former location in London, England.</p><br>
<p>Beneath the church is the Churchill museum, renovated in 2006. Its exhibits tell Churchill&#39;s story, discussing his personal and political life and his legacy. Additionally, the Clementine-Spencer Churchill Reading Room houses an extensive research collection about Churchill.</p><br>
<p>Outside the church stands the Breakthrough sculpture, formed from eight sections of the Berlin Wall. Churchill&#39;s granddaughter, artist Edwina Sandys, designed the sculpture to commemorate both the "Sinews of Peace" speech and the fall of the Berlin Wall.</p><br>
<h2>"The Sinews of Peace" address</h2><br>
<p>In 1946, the president of Westminster College, Franc McCluer, reached out to a member of United States President Harry S Truman&#39;s administration. This member, a Westminster College alumnus, arranged for Truman to visit the college, and to invite Winston Churchill to speak there. Churchill accepted the invitation, and on March 5, 1946, delivered his famous "" address, also known as the "Iron Curtain" speech, as a part of the John Findlay Green Foundation Lecture series, which was witnessed by Truman.</p><br>
<p>Today, visitors to the museum may view filmed selections of the speech. The lectern and chair that Churchill used are on display in the museum.</p><br>
<h2>Churchill&#39;s Living Memorial: St. Mary, Aldermanbury</h2><br>
<p>In 1961, Westminster College President Dr. Robert L. D. Davidson began formulating a plan to commemorate both Winston Churchill&#39;s life and the "Sinews of Peace." A LIFE magazine feature on war-ravaged, soon-to-be-demolished Christopher Wren churches in London prompted the suggestion to import one of the churches to serve as both a memorial and the College chapel. After further investigation, college officials selected St. Mary, Aldermanbury as the church to be relocated to the college.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary, Aldermanbury was chosen because of its relatively small size and its nearly 1,000 year history. Founded in the late 12th century, the church survived the English Reformation, English Restoration, and numerous civil wars. However, on September 2, 1666, the church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London. With approval for rebuilding granted in 1670, architect Christopher Wren began renovating the church in 1672. He rebuilt the church on part of the old foundation with as many of the original stones as could be salvaged. By 1677, the work was essentially complete; the cupola was added to the tower in 1679.</p><br>
<p>On December 29,1940, during World War II, the German Luftwaffe mounted a massive air raid and St. Marys suffered a direct hit by an incendiary bomb, causing it to burn down. In the aftermath of the war, few of the destroyed churches were rebuilt, and many, St. Marys included, remained as ruins. After standing as ruins for 20 years, St. Marys and several other of Londons parish churches were slated for demolition.</p><br>
<p>At this point, Westminster College stepped in to stop the demolition of St. Mary&#39;s and decided to reconstruct it in honor of Winston Churchill. It took four years to finalize preparations for the project, and to raise the necessary $2 million (more than $10 million today) to carry out the reconstruction. Actor Richard Burton was a major promoter and donor, appearing on The Tonight Show with Jack Paar on NBC, who made a direct appeal.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the removal process of St. Mary&#39;s began. Workers labeled each of the 7,000 stones, noting their location in the church. More than 700 tons of blocks were shipped to Fulton via boat and rail. In the transportation process, the stones got out of order, complicating the reconstruction of the church.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone was laid in October 1966, and by May 1967, the last stone was in place. However, the project required another two years of work to finish reconstructing the interior. English woodcarvers, working from pre-war photographs, created carvings for the pulpit, baptismal font, and balcony. Blenko Glass Company, an American firm, manufactured the glass for the windows, and a Dutch firm cast five new bronze bells for the tower. Noel Mander, the fire warden who watched St. Mary&#39;s burn in 1940, built the organ and helped assure authenticity of the interior details. There were two departures from the Wren design: an organ gallery in the west wall, and a window in the tower to illuminate the stairway.</p><br>
<p>Dedication ceremonies for St. Marys and The Winston Churchill Memorial and Library were held on May 7, 1969. During the course of the ceremonies, the Rev. Anthony Tremlett, the Bishop of Dover, England, re-hallowed St. Marys as a place of worship. In 1992, the Eagle Squadrons Association named St. Mary&#39;s as its official chapel, and in 2009, the museum was declared “America’s National Churchill Museum” by the United States Congress.</p><br>
<h2>Winston S. Churchill: A Life of Leadership gallery</h2><br>
<p>One of the focal points of the gallery is the "Admiralty, Army & Arsenal: 1914–1919" room. This portion of the exhibit is housed within a recreation of a World War I trench—complete with barbed wire, sandbags, and spent ammunition—that gives visitors a sense of a British soldiers experience on the Western Front. A periscope mounted on the trench wall gives visitors a glimpse of a real World War I battlescape from period footage. An accompanying audio track plays the sound of soldiers conversations interspersed with distant gunfire and shell bursts. The World War I room also examines Churchill&#39;s role in the disasters of the Dardanelles and Gallipoli and his contributions to the technology of warfare.</p><br>
<p>Another component of the exhibition is "The Gathering Storm: 1929–1939" room which discusses Churchills suspicion of Hitler and the Nazi movement. In this room, five video monitors play excerpts from Nazi propaganda films interspersed with images of the impending war. Against this backdrop, the exhibit examines Churchills view of the Nazis and his disgust for Britain&#39;s pre-war appeasement politics.</p><br>
<p>Another room, "Churchills Finest Hour: World War II, 1939–1945", portrays World War II and Churchills role. It contains a sound and light show that replicates an air-raid on London during the "Blitz". It includes simulated rubble, the sounds of bombs detonating and air raid sirens, flashing lights that represent searchlights and anti-aircraft fire, as well as audio clips of war-time broadcasts. After the conclusion of the Blitz demonstration, a short film, narrated by Walter Cronkite, examines Churchill&#39;s role as prime minister during the war. More interactive displays describe the war-time skills of code breaking and plane spotting.</p><br>
<p>Other museum components include "The Sinews of Peace" room and the "Winstons Wit & Wisdom" room. "The Sinews of Peace" tells the story of how and why Churchill came to visit Westminster College. Featured in this exhibit are the lectern and chair used by Churchill during his speech and the ceremonial robes he wore. In "Winstons Wit & Wisdom" visitors sit in a simulated British club while listening to an audio presentation of Churchill stories. Visitors to this room may also search through a database of Churchill&#39;s most famous quotations and quips on a host of topics.</p><br>
<h2>Breakthrough</h2><br>
<p>In 1990, with the support of Westminster College, Sandys and her husband, Richard Kaplan, traveled to East Berlin to secure portions of the wall. Upon their arrival in Berlin, however, the couple realized the sculpture would be costly, as 4 ft-wide sections were selling for $60,000 to $200,000. However, East German officials, intrigued by the idea of erecting a Berlin Wall monument at the location of Churchill&#39;s 1946 speech, allowed Sandys to choose eight sections of the wall as a gift to Westminster College.</p><br>
<p>Sandys chose the sections from an area near the Brandenburg Gate, frequented by artists, because of the dramatic color of the graffiti. The repeated use of the word "unwahr" ("lies" or "untruths") within the sections also appealed to her. Sandys modified the original sections by cutting out large male and female silhouettes from the wall—which symbolized the newly-opened communication between East and West Germany. When assembled, Breakthrough stood roughly 11 ft high by 32 ft ft long. The silhouette cut-outs are part of a second sculpture entitled Breakfree, located at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park, New York.</p><br>
<p>One year after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Sandys unveiled Breakthrough before a crowd of 7,000 people gathered on the campus of Westminster College.</p><br>
<h2>The Green Foundation & Kemper Lecture Series</h2><br>
<p>Since 1937, the College has held the John Findley Green Lectures and the Crosby Kemper Lectures. Both lectures have brought politicians, business leaders, and academics to Westminster College.</p><br>
<p>The John Findley Green Foundation Lectures were established in 1936 as a memorial to John Findley Green, an attorney in St. Louis who graduated from Westminster College in 1884. The foundation provides for lectures designed to promote understanding of economic and social problems of international concern. The Crosby Kemper Lecture Series was established in 1979 by a grant from the Crosby Kemper Foundation of Kansas City, Missouri. This foundation provides for lectures by authorities on British History and Sir Winston Churchill at America’s National Churchill Museum.</p><br>
<p>Riverview at Hobson Grove, also known as Riverview or as Hobson House, is an historic home with classic Italianate architecture located in western Bowling Green, Kentucky. Its construction started in the 1850s but was interrupted by the Civil War. The house played a part in Civil War activities in the area. It was completed in 1872. Restored as representative of the Victorian period, it is the centerpiece of Hobson Grove Park in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Riverview at Hobson Grove was built as the home of Atwood Gaines Hobson and his wife Juliet "Julia" (van Meter) Hobson on a small promontory. It was named because of its proximity to and overview of the Barren River. Construction on the house started in the 1850s, but was halted due to the outbreak of the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Because Atwood Hobson was a staunch Union supporter, and his eldest son, William, was commissioned as a colonel in the Union Army, the family was concerned about protecting this property. The commanding officer of the Confederate troops, Simon Bolivar Buckner, who had fought with Atwood&#39;s brother, Edward, in the Mexican–American War, agreed to spare the partially built house. His troops built a temporary roof over the basement to use it as a munitions magazine during the winter of 1861–1862, when Bowling Green was the Confederate capital of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Riverview was finally completed in 1872. It is a classic example of Italianate architecture with arched windows, deep eaves with ornamental brackets, and a cupola. The two parlors have painted ceilings. Atwood and Juliet Hobson incorporated some unique ideas for their era into this home. A copper-lined wooden collection tank in the attic, which was connected to the outside guttering, provided running water for the water closet on the second floor. Another innovation beneath the cupola is a hole in the ceiling, sometimes called an oculus, which is part of the ventilation system of the house. When the eight windows in the observatory are open and the windows and doors are open on the floors below, a vacuum is created, pulling the hot air up and out of the house, keeping the air continuously circulating. It works much as an attic fan would work in a home today.</p><br>
<p>The Hobson family and their descendants lived in the house until 1952. After having a string of various successive tenants and being damaged by fire, the structure was abandoned and condemned in 1965. The city of Bowling Green purchased the property with the intent of demolishing the house and building a golf course. The house was saved when a non-profit organization, the Hobson House Association, was formed the next year. It raised funds to restore the dwelling to its Victorian style and ensure its preservation. The proposed golf course was built nearby and can be viewed from the hill upon which Riverview sits.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>Riverview, including the house, grounds and a museum, opened to the public for tours in 1972. It is owned and maintained by the City of Bowling Green as part of Hobson Grove Park. The non-profit organization of volunteers, the Friends of Riverview, is dedicated to preserving Riverview&#39;s historical and architectural heritage. Riverview hosts various events throughout the year including teas, luncheons, an Easter Egg Hunt, Victorian Garden and Antique Festival, Tea with Mrs. Claus, Candlelight Tours, and other themed presentations and events.</p><br>
<p>Riverview is listed on numerous Civil War driving tours and Heritage Trails in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The William H. Van Epps House is a historic house in Dixon, Illinois. It is an example of Italianate architecture. and was constructed around 1855. The Van Epps House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The William H. Van Epps House was constructed for William H. Van Epps c. 1855. Van Epps was an early settler, prominent in politics, agriculture, and business who arrived in Dixon in 1854 and stayed until he died in 1877. Presently, the building is occupied by an architectural firm.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Van Epps House is an example of Italianate architecture, one of several in Dixon. The rectangular house with projecting octagonal bays has seen some alterations both interior and exterior, though the front facade is largely unchanged. Around 1900 a rear addition was added and in 1926 the building was converted from a single-family dwelling to four apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Van Epps House is an outstanding example of Italianate architecture. The house&#39;s location, on the Lee County Courthouse Square, helps contribute to the historical character of the neighborhood through its high visibility and unique architectural features. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Camp Logan, Illinois was an Illinois National Guard base and rifle range from 1892 to the early 1970s. At one time the Camp was 200 acre. Several buildings survive today as they are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Camp Logan was named after General John Alexander Logan.</p><br>
<p>The Camp Logan site is now part of the Adeline Jay Geo-Karis Illinois Beach State Park.</p><br>
<p>The USA Grant Hotel is a historic hotel in downtown San Diego, California. It operates under a franchise of Marriott International as part of their Luxury Collection brand. One of the oldest hotels in San Diego, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is 11 stories high and has 270 guest rooms in addition to meeting rooms and multiple ballrooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fannie Chaffee Grant purchased the Horton House in 1895 and decided to tear it down in 1905. Her husband, Ulysses S. Grant Jr. (son of President Ulysses S. Grant), oversaw the building of the Grant Hotel, which opened in 1910 and was named after his father. Architect Harrison Albright designed the hotel. San Diego voters helped finance $700,000 for the $1.5 million needed to construct the hotel after Grant lacked the funds to do so. The hotel opened on October 15, 1910 and included two swimming pools as well as a ballroom on the top floor.</p><br>
<p>The Grant Hotel was, for nearly 35 years, until 1974, the site of the annual reunion dinner of the "Great White Fleet Association," a group of sailors who sailed on the cruise of 16 white battleships from 1907-09. These dinners attracted a wide range of military officials and guests from all over the world.</p><br>
<p>The hotel&#39;s signature restaurant is the Grant Grill, which opened in 1952. It became a power-lunch spot for downtown businessmen, lawyers and politicians, so much so that "ladies" were not permitted in the restaurant before 3 PM. In 1969 a group of prominent local women staged a sit-in which resulted in the restaurant abandoning its men-only policy. A plaque showing the first women reservation at Grant Grill is displayed to show the historic change that the restaurant underwent post 1969.</p><br>
<p>The inaugural San Diego Comic-Con, which was then called "San Diego’s Golden State Comic-Con", was held at the USA Grant Hotel in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was refurbished in the 1980s, but fell upon hard times in the subsequent decade due to a financial slump. The hotel changed hands several times during the 1990s. In 2003, the hotel was purchased by the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation as a tribute to the contributions of the former US President for the Native American community during his presidency. The new management closed the doors for 21 months to renovate the building and reopened in October 2006. The hotel is currently operated by Marriott Hotels & Resorts as a part of its Luxury Collection. The official name of the property is The USA Grant, a Luxury Collection Hotel, San Diego.</p><br>
<p>The U.S Grant was also home to the local radio station KFSD for a long time between early 1930’s and 1939 and carried radio towers on both the towers of the property. KFSD had a dedicated portion of 11th floor to perform its operations and entertain the residents of San Diego. A floor plan indicating the design of KFSD during that time is still available in the basement of the property.</p><br>
<h2>Grant Grill restaurant</h2><br>
<p>The hotel has an American Cuisine restaurant that has great history. Grant Grill has an elaborate bar with seating that takes back guests to the days as early as the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Guests</h2><br>
<p>Famous guests have included Albert Einstein, Charles Lindbergh, Woodrow Wilson, five former First ladies and 12 United States Presidents. Portraits of all the distinguished guests are available for public viewing on the second floor of the hotel. The hotel includes three presidential suites that have been tailored to Secret Service requirements for accommodating presidential visits.</p><br>
<p>The Loren L. Chadwick Cottages are two cottages in the Linden Hills neighborhood of in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, situated roughly south of Bde Maka Ska and northwest of Lake Harriet. This area of Minneapolis was platted in 1882-83 as "Cottage City" by a local real estate developer, Louis F. Menage. He platted small 25 ft-wide lots, as opposed to the normal lot width of 40 ft, in an effort to attract people who wanted to build summer lake cottages.</p><br>
<p>Loren L. Chadwick built these two cottages in 1902 at a cost of $300 each. They were small, measuring 16 ft by 30 ft, and had screened porches to take advantage of summer breezes from the nearby lakes. The two cottages were rented out as summer homes for more than a decade before they were bought by individual owners. In 1972, a new owner joined the two cottages with an addition on the rear. The cottages were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. They are significant because although their design is simple, their survival demonstrates a good example of cottage architecture in Minneapolis. Despite their simplicity, the cottages have Carpenter Gothic detailing on the vergeboards of their gable and porch roofs.</p><br>
<p>Fire Station No. 19, now the site of a Buffalo Wild Wings, and the architectural firm Station 19 Architects in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States is centered in the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis campus. The former Fire Station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1893 in an era when Minneapolis was growing rapidly. Rapid development was bringing prosperity to Minneapolis, but it was also starting to tax the city&#39;s infrastructure. Residents and businesses on the east bank of the Mississippi River were demanding better fire protection, especially after the fire that consumed the University of Minnesota Old Main building in 1892 along with some grain elevators nearby. Fire Station No. 19 was built in a simple utilitarian style , yet it contained some touches of ornamentation. It was built with a bell tower that was later removed. The fire station was one of the last to house horse-drawn equipment, as late as 1922, it also had a hardwood floor apparatus bay. A newer Fire Station 19 was occupied in 1976 one block to the south.</p><br>
<p>Besides its role as a firehouse, Historic Fire Station No. 19 was also the birthplace of kittenball, a variant of softball. Louis Rober, a lieutenant at the fire station between 1896 and 1906, adapted the rules of baseball to create a game that would use less space, time, and equipment than a regular baseball game. He created the game so firefighters could get exercise while waiting for a fire alarm. Early teams included the "Kittens" of Engine Company 19, "Rats" of Engine Company 9, "Whales" of Engine Company 4, "Salisburys" from a mattress factory, "Pillsburys" from nearby flour mills, and the "Central Avenues". By 1906, more than 20 teams were playing in summer leagues.</p><br>
<p>The building was acquired in 1977 by local architects who turned the building into offices under the name Station 19 Architects. The firm primarily creates designs for churches in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>There was some concern in the mid-2000s decade that the University of Minnesota would have the structure demolished to make way for rearranged roads leading to and from the then-unbuilt TCF Bank Stadium. The university made offers to purchase the property into early 2006, and the building owners worried that the property would be seized through eminent domain. However, the roads were eventually routed around the building, making it the only structure on a small island across from the stadium.</p><br>
<p>The Theodore W. Richards House is a National Historic Landmark at 15 Follen Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1900, it was the home until his death of Theodore William Richards , the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Richards was a leading experimental chemist of his day, measuring  the atomic weights of a large number of elements. He was also responsible for the growth of Harvard University&#39;s graduate chemistry program to one of the finest in the nation. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Richards House was nominally designed by Warren, Smith & Biscoe of Boston, but Richards made specific demands in the design. It is a two-story structure, using steel beams as its principal supports, one of Richards&#39; requests. The ground floor exterior walls consist of five courses of brick, with seaweed sandwiched between the courses in a bid to provide improved insulation to the structure. The second floor of the house is clad in shingles. The main facade is three bays wide, with a symmetrical appearance. The main entry is accessed by a walk lined with brick walls the join to the house walls. The entry, recessed into the brick wall, is flanked by sidelight windows. The outside of the recess is framed by pilasters and topped by an entablature and a segmented-arch pediment. Above the entrance is a Palladian window, which rises into an eyebrow gable on the modillioned roofline. The first-floor bays flanking the entry are both projecting polygonal bays with four sash windows, and there are paired sash windows above them on the second floor. Two decoratively corbelled chimneys pierce the roof. The house interior follows a typical central-hall plan.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Richards was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania in 1868, educated at home, and then at Haverford College and Harvard University, where he received his PhD in chemistry in 1888. From an early time he was interested in the question of atomic weights, a subject that he would study for most of his professional career. After his graduation he became an instructor at Harvard, eventually gaining promotion to full professor in 1901. He successfully recalculated the atomic weights of a number of chemical elements, developing methodology and apparatus along the way. Richards became the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914, in recognition for this work. Richards&#39; teaching was equally important, as he trained new generations of chemists in the practices and methods he used. Harvard established an honorary chemistry professorship in his name in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Richards&#39; house, occupied by him until his death in 1928, and his widow until hers in 1941,</p><br>
<p>The Nathan and Mary  Johnson properties are a National Historic Landmark at 17–19 and 21 Seventh Street in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Originally the building consisted of two structures, one dating to the 1820s and an 1857 house joined with the older one shortly after construction. They have since been restored and now house the New Bedford Historical Society. The two properties are significant for their association with leading members of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts, and as the only surviving residence in New Bedford  of Frederick Douglass. Nathan and Polly Johnson were free African-Americans who are known to have sheltered escaped slaves using the Underground Railroad from 1822 on. Both were also successful in local business; Nathan as a caterer and Polly as a confectioner.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Johnson properties consist of two buildings, one built as a residence, the other as a Quaker meetinghouse. The meetinghouse, at 17–19 Seventh Street, is a -story wood-frame structure, six bays wide, with a gable roof, and rests on a brick foundation. Built in 1785, it originally stood where the present brick meetinghouse stands, and was moved when the new one was built c. 1823. This building was purchased by Nathan Johnson in 1832 and converted to residential use. Its main entrance is via a pair of doors inside an enclosed porch that projects on the east side (front) of the main block. A two-story ell extends to the west (rear) of the building. The building&#39;s interior has woodwork dating to the early 19th century, including a staircase with elaborately turned newel posts. One noteworthy feature of the interior is a trapdoor in the attic, which leads to a large space between the attic and the high ceilings of the first floor. This space has long been theorized to house fugitive slaves, but no evidence has been uncovered to support the idea.</p><br>
<p>The Johnson House, at 21 Seventh Street, appears to be composed of two separate structures which have been joined. The front block is a -story wood-frame structure, three bays wide, with a front-gable roof, and rests on a high brick foundation. It has some Greek Revival styling, including corner pilasters and gable returns, but its entrance porch is a later Victorian style. The entry is an eight-panel door, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a transom. A basement entrance stands below the center bay of the house. Windows are rectangular sash on the first two levels and at the basement level, and there are a pair of round-arch Italianate windows in the attic level. This block appears to have been built in 1857, when Polly Johnson (in Nathan&#39;s absence) sought permission to move the original older house to the back of the lot. The rear ell, estimated to have been built about 1800, is a two-story structure with a steeply pitched roof. A c. 1970s shed-roof addition further extends the house to the west (rear).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathan Johnson was born a free person of color in Philadelphia, and married Mary ("Polly") Durfee of New Bedford in 1819. The couple were in the employ of Charles Waln Morgan, a prominent whaling captain, as domestic servants in the 1820s, and were soon involved in the abolitionist cause. By 1845 the Johnsons had enough success in business that they owned the lot including these two buildings and an adjacent one (then numbered 23 Seventh Street, but no longer standing) which they used as a shop. In the 1850s Johnson was one of the wealthiest African Americans in the city. He was politically active in both organizations of African Americans and those involved in the abolitionist cause. Since New Bedford was a busy port doing business with southern states, it was a regular target for fleeing slaves, and Johnson is documented to have sheltered fugitives in his properties. He most famously gave shelter to Frederick Douglass, the escaped slave who credits Johnson with giving him the last name by which he is now widely known. Although Douglass lived only a short time at Johnson&#39;s home, it is the only one of his three residences in New Bedford to survive.</p><br>
<p>The house at 21 Seventh Street is now the home of the New Bedford Historical Society, and is open for tours by appointment. The two properties were designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The properties are also contributing elements to the local County Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Farm is a National Historic Landmark at 116 Mower Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built c. 1810, it was the home for most of their married life of Abby Kelley Foster  and Stephen Symonds Foster , early vocal abolitionists and women&#39;s rights activists. The Fosters used their house as a shelter on the Underground Railroad, and famously refused to pay taxes on the property because Abby was unable to vote. The property, a private residence not open to the public, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974. In 2018 the building was sold off to a local family.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Liberty Farm is a -story Federal style brick house, built around 1810, and now stands in a suburban area of western Worcester, Massachusetts. Its main block is five bays wide, with a center entry sheltered by a portico supported by Doric columns. The doorway is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a fanlight. A wood-frame addition extends to the right of the main block, and another extends to the rear; these were apparently added in the early 20th century. The interior of the main house has been well-preserved, and has particularly elegant fireplace surrounds.</p><br>
<p>Abby Kelley Foster was born in Pelham, Massachusetts, raised in the Quaker faith, and first became a teacher at a Quaker school in Lynn, Massachusetts. By the 1830s she became active in the local anti-slavery society, and began speaking in favor the immediate emancipation of slaves. In 1838 she left her teaching position and dedicated herself to the causes of ending slavery and achieving womens suffrage. She became a close friend of William Lloyd Garrison, one of the leaders of the antislavery movement. In 1840 she was elected to the executive committee of the American Anti-Slavery Society, over the objections of conservative members who disapproved of women in leadership roles. She traveled widely across the northern United States, speaking out against slavery and on behalf of womens rights.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Symonds Foster had grown up in New Hampshire, and had also become involved in the antislavery cause, working with Garrison. The two met sometime in the early 1840s, and were married in 1845. Both remained forceful activists for their cause, but had to curtail their activity when their only child was born in 1847. This was the same year they purchase Liberty Farm.</p><br>
<p>The Fosters ran what was described as one of the most prosperous farms in the area, but also used the property to further their political activities. They sheltered escaping slaves as a station on the Underground Railroad, and refused to pay taxes on the property because Abby could not vote. This latter form of civil disobedience resulted in the propertys sale at tax auctions on several occasions; however, it was purchased by their supporters and given back to them. The Fosters lived at Liberty Farm until Stephens death in 1881, after which Abby lived with her sister in Worcester.</p><br>
<p>The William Rotch Jr. House, now the Rotch–Jones–Duff House and Garden Museum, is a National Historic Landmark at 396 County Street in New Bedford, Massachusetts, in the United States. The three families whose names are attached to it were all closely tied to the city&#39;s nineteenth-century dominance of the whaling industry. Because of this, the house is part of the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>Richard Upjohn built the house in the Greek Revival architectural style for William Rotch Jr. in 1834, on a New Bedford plot Rotch had inherited from his father. It was Upjohn&#39;s first house, near the beginning of a long career. Rotch also commissioned a garden in the rear, which later owners would significantly expand. The property remained private until 1981, when it was bought by local preservationists and reopened as a historic house museum. It was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Today the museum educates visitors not only about whaling but, through its gardens and associated programs for local schools, about the environment as well.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a one-acre (4,000 m) block of New Bedford, between County, Madison, Joli Gonsalves and Seventh streets, in the middle of the County Street Historic District, where its wealthy citizens built their mansions in the 19th century. It is a three-by-five-bay two-story yellow building with a front porch and balustraded balcony on either end and several tall chimneys emerging from the roof. Inside, many of the original mahogany doors and their walnut veneers remain. The cornerblocks and baseboards have elliptical echinus profiles of the kind commonly found in many Greek Revival interiors. The window muntins have a beaded knife blade profile and the plaster ceiling cornices and medallions also have finely carved ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>A circular driveway leads up to the house, set back a mere 40 ft from the street to allow for outbuildings and the property&#39;s garden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Rotch, William&#39;s grandfather, had been one of the early settlers in New Bedford when the town began to grow in the 1760s. He had realized, along with Joseph Russell, a major area landowner, that the town was well-positioned to become a whaling center, potentially surpassing even Nantucket, then the center of the industry in the colonies. Unlike the island, it had a deep harbor where ocean-going vessels could come directly to port and unload their harvest.</p><br>
<p>Despite some setbacks during the Revolution and War of 1812, the citys whaling fleet kept growing and by the late 1820s had begun catching up to Nantuckets. Ship captains and owners grew wealthy and built themselves homes in the County Street area. "Nowhere in all America", Herman Melville later wrote in Moby-Dick, "will you find more patrician-like houses; parks and gardens more opulent, than in New Bedford... all these brave houses and flowery gardens..." The Rotches, who practiced vertical integration and had interests at every step of the whaling process, grew very wealthy.</p><br>
<p>Josephs son William died in 1828 and left his own son, William Jr., the plot on which the present house was built. Three years later the deed was formally transferred to the younger man, who had already distinguished himself in New Bedfords civic life by helping to found banks and schools, As a founder of the New Bedford Horticultural Society, he began the specimen garden in the back of the property.</p><br>
<p>By 1851, New Bedford had completely displaced Nantucket as the center of American whaling. In that year, Edward Coffin Jones, a Nantucket native who had moved to New Bedford and become a successful ship owner, bought the house for $17,000. The Joneses expanded the garden, adding the pergola, a common Victorian touch. One of his daughters, Amelia Hickling Jones, lived there for the next 85 years, becoming a major civic benefactor as the city transitioned from whaling to textiles as the mainstay of its economy. With no heirs, the property was put up for sale when she died in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Mark Duff, a descendant of one of New Bedford&#39;s whaling families that had expanded into other businesses, bought it the following year. Under the direction of Boston landscape architect, Mrs. Helen Seymour Coolidge, they redecorated it extensively and planted 7,000 tulip bulbs in the garden, as well as adding landscaping, walkways and ornamental ponds.</p><br>
<p>The Duff family decided to sell the house in 1981, and it was bought by the Waterfront Historic Area LeaguE (WHALE), a local historic preservation group that had been instrumental in restoring, protecting and establishing the nearby New Bedford Historic District, a National Historic Landmark (NHL). WHALEs goal was to save it from commercial development and turn the house and garden into a museum, which it opened in 1983. In 1996 it became the only city property outside of the New Bedford Historic District to be included as part of New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park, and in 2005 the house and garden were themselves designated an NHL, as a legacy of New Bedfords whaling supremacy, an outstanding example of a Greek Revival house, and the first house built by Upjohn.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum and garden are open daily (except major holidays) year-round. Admission is charged except for the second Thursday evening of every month except January, when it is free.</p><br>
<p>Several educational programs are available, using the house and gardens to teach students in grades 4-6 about botany, beekeeping and whaling, with teacher support material available online. High school and college students may work as interns. The grounds and gardens are also available for weddings, wedding photos and other ceremonies or occasions.</p><br>
<p>The William J. Rotch Gothic Cottage is a historic cottage on 19 Irving Street in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The Gothic Revival cottage was built in 1845 to a design by noted New York City architect Alexander Jackson Davis. It was built for William J. Rotch, a member of one of New Bedford&#39;s leading whaling families. It is for these two associations that it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006. It is one a very few surviving Gothic cottage designs by Davis, exhibiting features not found in the others that do. The house was included in The Architecture of Country Houses, published in 1850, bringing it early fame and making it an iconic example of the style.</p><br>
<p>The Rotch family was a major force in the development of whaling in the United States and in the rise of New Bedford as a major whaling center. William Rotch, Jr., grandfather of William J. Rotch, established the familys fortunes in the industry beginning in the late 18th century. The land on which the cottage sits was on a rural part of the familys New Bedford estate, and the house and land were a gift to William J. Rotch from his grandfather. The younger Rotch retained Davis to design the house.</p><br>
<p>The cottage is roughly L-shaped, with a main block that has a hip roof meeting a slightly taller section with a steeply-pitched gable end. The exterior is clad with flushboarding, and its roof is composed of wood shingles. The building no longer stands at its original location, having been moved a short distance on its original lot in 1908. The original parcel it sat on has long been subdivided and built up with housing, depriving the house of its rural character. The projecting taller section frames the main entrance, and has elaborate hand-carved vergeboard decoration. On either side of this projecting section are a pair of gabled dormers with Gothic windows; these are a later addition by the Rotches to improve the lighting of upstairs bedrooms. The interiors feature elegant yet fairly typical Gothic Revival styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Dorothy Quincy Homestead is a US National Historic Landmark at 34 Butler Road in Quincy, Massachusetts. The house was originally built by Edmund Quincy II in 1686 who had an extensive property upon which there were multiple buildings. Today, the site consists of the Dorothy Quincy Homestead, which has been preserved as a museum and is open occasionally to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original property covered approximately 200 acre extending from its present location to Quincy Bay and included the Dorothy Quincy House (1686), the Josiah Quincy House (1770), and the Josiah Quincy Mansion (1848). The Josiah Quincy Mansion, located on the property purchased by the Eastern Nazarene College in 1919, was torn down in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy family was one of the leading families of Massachusetts in from the 17th century to the 19th century. Descendants included several prominent Edmund Quincys and Josiah Quincys, and John Quincy Adams by virtue of his mother, American First Lady Abigail Adams. They settled in what is now Quincy in the 1630s.</p><br>
<p>The present Homestead was initially built by Edmund Quincy II. It became a meeting place for many American Revolutionary War patriots such as John Adams, Colonel John Quincy, and John Hancock. It was the childhood home of the first First Lady of Massachusetts, Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott, wife of John Hancock.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead is owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and operated by The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in a public-private partnership. In 1904, when the property was threatened by encroaching urban development, a citizen drive was established to save the mansion. Led by the Massachusetts Colonial Dames and Charles Francis Adams, Jr., the grandson of President John Quincy Adams, Quincy residents raised funds to assist the Dames in purchasing the estate and creating a distinctive house museum. Looking to the long-term protection and presentation of the property, the Colonial Dames then negotiated a sale-leaseback agreement with the Commonwealth, whereby the Commonwealth accepted responsibility for capital improvements and the exterior preservation of the house, and the Dames agreed to maintain the interior of the home, to beautify it with period furniture and decorative arts, and to interpret its history to the public. This relationship has continued for over a century.</p><br>
<p>Since 2005, the Dorothy Quincy Homestead has undergone a comprehensive exterior renovation to restore this stately historic building to its former grandeur. The project has included painting the structure, re-glazing the windows, and other major improvements.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur D. Little Inc., Building is a National Historic Landmark at 30 Memorial Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The building was constructed in 1917 for the Arthur D. Little Company alongside the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and now serves as headquarters for the dean of the MIT Sloan School of Management and other Sloan administrative groups.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur D. Little Company was founded in 1886 by Arthur Dehon Little, and was originally located on Milk Street in Boston. The three-story brick building on Memorial Drive was constructed by the company to meet increasing demand for laboratory space, and is an architecturally unexceptional commercial structure. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark for its association with the Little company, the first business to be established as a consulting laboratory in the nation. Prior to its founding, individual businesses established their own research laboratories to make technological innovations. Little, and his partner William H. Walker, were among the first academically oriented researchers to create a consulting laboratory whose services could be hired by businesses. At first focused on the chemistry of cellulose and its uses in textiles and paper, the company was by 1909 the largest consulting industrial laboratory in the nation, and worked a wide array of research disciplines. Little was an early advocate of the importance of technological innovation, recognizing its importance in maintaining commercial success. He ran the company until his death in 1935, and willed his shares to MIT.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Parsonage  is a historic house at 16 Pleasant Street in Natick, Massachusetts. It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its association with Horatio Alger , a well-known writer of popular juvenile fiction.</p><br>
<p>The -story wood-frame house is believed to have been built in the 1820s by Oliver Bacon. The main facade is five bays wide, with a single-story porch that extends for most of its width. The porch is supported by four square columns, with an entablature with round-arch connections to the posts. The center entry has sidelight windows. The right (southeast) side of the house has a single-story projecting bay window, and a two-story ell with garage projects from the north rear of the house, creating an L shape.</p><br>
<p>Horatio Alger was a prolific writer of somewhat formulaic upbeat rags-to-riches stories aimed primarily at boys. His works were immensely popular, but were not highly regarded by critics. Alger lived in New York City, but spent his summers at this house, where is father, parson to the Eliot Church, lived. The house had been purchased from Oliver Bacon by H. H. Hunnewell, specifically to support the elder Alger. The younger Alger was a regular visitor to the house between 1866 and 1877, and then again from 1879 until 1898, when he moved into the house. He died at his sister&#39;s house in Natick in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971,</p><br>
<p>The Norfolk County Courthouse, also known as the William D. Delahunt Courthouse, is a National Historic Landmark at 650 High Street in Dedham, Massachusetts. It currently houses the Norfolk County Superior Court. It is significant as a well-preserved Greek Revival courthouse of the 1820s, and as the site a century later of the famous Sacco-Vanzetti trial. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It replaced an earlier courthouse, built in 1795.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<h3>Original construction</h3><br>
<p>When it became apparent that the old County Courthouse was out of date, the Norfolk County Commissioners ordered a new one to be built. They originally were seeking a utilitarian building that would be fireproof and safe to store important documents. Local boosters, however, wanted a building that aligned with the town&#39;s rapidly improving self-image. The commissioners were persuaded that</p><br>
<p>something more was required... than what was barely necessary; that... the state of this County, rapidly advancing in wealth and prosperity, required a liberal and judiciously expenditure for public accommodation, and that acquiring a taste for the fine arts was intimately connected with a refinement of manners and even with moral sentiment; that a magnificent temple of Justice would inspire an elevation of mind and contribute to cherish those feelings of reverence for the administration of the laws which it is so desirable to cultivate in a free community; the as the situation was in the most handsome and conspicuous place in the town, the building should be made in accordance with the architectural spirit of the times and comporting with the dignity and taste of the citizens of the County.</p><br>
<p>The land for the courthouse, across the street from the existing one, was purchased from Frances Ames for $1,200. Ames later refused to sell the lot to the east at an asking price of $400, however. Masonic ceremonies, bell ringing and cannon fire accompanied the laying of the cornerstone on July 4, 1825. In a cavity made in the cornerstone, a leaden box was deposited containing</p><br>
<p>The newspapers of the day.</p><br>
<p>Webster&#39;s address on Bunker Hill.</p><br>
<p>An account of that battle.</p><br>
<p>A miniature beaver hat of the latest fashion.</p><br>
<p>A marble keystone with Masonic emblems.</p><br>
<p>Specimens of marble paper.</p><br>
<p>A silver plate with an inscription.</p><br>
<p>A piece of the Forefather&#39;s Rock.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Solomon Willard and was dedicated on February 20, 1827. It was a basic rectangular granite-walled structure, 48 by 98 and two stories tall, with Greek-temple porticoes at either end. Each 10&#39; portico was supported by four Doric pillars. A bell made by Paul Revere was moved from the old courthouse to the new north portico, where it was tolled to announce court sessions.</p><br>
<p>The interior had a hall running through the center paved with brick. On the eastern side were the offices of the Country Treasurer and the Clerk of Courts. On the western side were the Registry of Deeds and Probate Court. The courtroom was upstairs and featured an arched ceiling. The high sheriff had a desk in the room.</p><br>
<p>From the outside it was an attractive building, but it was not a comfortable place to work. The only water was provided by a well on Court Street, and it did not have an adequate heating system. One employee complained that it was "barren and destitute of every convenience, demanded for health, comfort and decency." In 1846, an iron fence was installed around the perimeter.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>Renovations in 1854 added gas lights to the building and running water from an on-site well. Six years later, in 1860, the building was fireproofed to protect county records. A group of citizens petitioned the commissioners, asking them not to make any structural changes for fear of ruining the exterior aesthetics of the building. Despite this, the Commission decided to extend the north front of the building and to add wings on either side.</p><br>
<p>The wings were ornamented with corner pilasters, and were done with sensitivity to the original design. A dome was also added at that time; it would be replaced during further enlargements in the 1890s. Following plans developed by Gridley J. F. Bryant, the building was enlarged again between 1892 and 1895 to its present H-shaped configuration, adding wings to the southern facade that matched those added in 1863 to the north. The 1863 dome was replaced at that time with the present one, and the interior of the building was given a decorative treatment with Greek motifs. The Revere bell was removed and donated to the Dedham Historical Society during this renovation.</p><br>
<p>The dome was renovated in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Notable trials</h2><br>
<h3>Sacco and Vanzetti</h3><br>
<p>In May 1920 two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were arrested for a robbery that had taken place in South Braintree on April 20. In a highly charged trial which took place in this building, the two men proclaimed their innocence, and their leftist political views became a major element of the case. The two men were convicted and sentenced to death, causing an international outcry. After six years of legal wrangling, the two men were electrocuted in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The building has been relatively little altered since the time of the trial. Its most notable change is the removal from the courtroom of the cages that held the prisoners.</p><br>
<h3>Karen Read</h3><br>
<p>When Karen Read was tried for the murder of John O&#39;Keefe in 2024, the case drew a great deal of media attention and protesters who believed Read was innocent and was being framed by the Canton Police Department. The judge in the case, Beverly Cannone, ordered a 200-foot buffer zone to be established around the courthouse to "reduce the risk of exposing witnesses or jurors in this case to such outside influences."</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>When Rufus Choate was arguing a case, the older students at Dedham High School would be dismissed from class to listen to his orations.</p><br>
<p>From 1834 to 1847, the Dedham Institution for Savings was housed in the basement. In the mid-1800s, Ezra W. Sampson was the clerk of courts and George Alden was the court crier. For a time, the base of the Pillar of Liberty was moved to the northwest corner of the grounds.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1800s, the Revere bell was tolled from the moment the judge was seen approaching on High Street until he was seated on the bench. When entering the courtroom, he was preceded by the sheriff, who carried a sword. When the judge was seated, the sheriff stood the sword (or occasionally a round white rod) upright in its standard and said "Court!" in a loud voice.</p><br>
<p>Television-Judge Joseph Wapner sat on the bench in the courthouse in July 1989 to film five episodes of The People&#39;s Court. Wapner heard "The Case of the Smelly Throw Pillows," "The Case of the Bad Windshield Replacement," and others.</p><br>
<p>On October 16, 2022, the courthouse was named in honor of William Delahunt, the former Norfolk County District Attorney. A ceremony was held across the street at the First Church and Parish in Dedham.</p><br>
<p>The General Benjamin Lincoln House is a National Historic Landmark at 181 North Street in Hingham, Massachusetts, United States. It was the birthplace and principal residence of Continental Army Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a well-respected military leader of the American Revolutionary War. The home was built in 1665 by Thomas “The Cooper” Lincoln. The last major modifications to the house were probably undertaken by General Lincoln in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The house had remained in the hands of Lincoln family descendants but was sold to the Hingham Historical Society in 2020. Tours are available by appointment. Changes to the interior and exterior are authorized only in consultation with Historic New England, a major regional historic preservation organization.</p><br>
<h2>History of the house</h2><br>
<p>According to the Hingham Historical Society, the house was built by Thomas “The Cooper” Lincoln (nicknamed to differentiate between other Thomas Lincolns in the area) in 1665.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 Lincoln family descendants negotiated a preservation restriction agreement with Historic New England, a regional historic preservation society, to protect the interior and exterior character of the house. Exterior changes to the property are also restricted by the houses presence as a contributing property to Hinghams Lincoln Historic District.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, the last Lincoln descendants to live in the house decided to list it for sale. The Hingham Historical Society (HHS) expressed interest for purchasing the Lincoln House as a museum. Negotiations continued until June 2020, when the residents of Hingham approved the negotiated price of $772,000 at a special Town Meeting. In 2021, most of the contents were donated to HHS.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln House stands a short way west of Hingham&#39;s central business district, just west of a triangular park formed at the junction of North and Lincoln Streets. It is a -story wood-frame structure, seven bays wide, with a side-gable roof, two interior chimneys, and clapboard siding, and rests on a granite foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Benjamin Lincoln</h2><br>
<p>Benjamin Lincoln was born in the house in 1733. He was active in local politics, and held positions of leadership in the militia of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. He became a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, in which he surrendered American forces at the Siege of Charleston in 1780, and was present at the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781.</p><br>
<p>General Lincoln then served as Secretary at War before returning to Massachusetts in 1783. He was then active in Massachusetts politics and military, leading militia that suppressed Shays&#39; Rebellion in 1787, and served one term as lieutenant governor in 1788. He was for many years thereafter the federal collector at the Port of Boston.</p><br>
<p>The Locusts, also known as the Peter Eltinge House, is a 19th-century brick Federal style house built in 1826 located on Plains Road in the Town of New Paltz, New York, United States, two miles  south of the village of New Paltz. It was once the center of a large farm. The house and several outbuildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as well-preserved examples of that style in Ulster County.</p><br>
<p>When built, it marked a significant departure from the New Paltz areas previous styles, which tended toward stone houses in vernacular styles used by the areas Belgian Huguenot settlers. It has seen many modifications since then, but still remains true to its original concept. The Eltinge family has owned the house continuously as part of its 250-year ownership of the land.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is a rectangular, -story structure with five bays. The foundation is built of coursed stone; most of the rest of the house is brick.</p><br>
<p>A fanlight surmounts the six-panel door at the main entrance in the middle of the first story. The main entrance, fronted by a porch, leads into a central hallway. Another entrance, set in a brick surround, is located in the stone rear facade, offset slightly into the second-westerly of the rear facade&#39;s four bays. The windows all have shutters, paneled on the first floor but louvered on the upper stories. Stone was used for the lintels there as well. A bracketed cornice, added later, marks the line of a gabled asphalt-shingled roof.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance leads to a 12-foot (4 m) wide central hallway, with a finely crafted decorative archway separating the reception area from the staircase. The second floor is similarly laid out. Unusually for the era, none of the rooms have fireplaces. Instead, heating was provided by stoves, many of which remain, with their own chimney outlets. Much of the original flooring, trim and Dutch doors with wrought iron fixtures remains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land where the house now stands was originally part of a 3,000 acre land grant to Noah Eltinge and Nathaniel LaFever from King George II as a reward for their service in the French and Indian War. The two divided it equally, and Noah added it to a large tract he inherited from his father. He built the first house on it, a stone structure near the site of the present one, in 1748.</p><br>
<p>He bequeathed it to his daughter and her husband upon his death 30 years later, and in turn it passed to their daughters. In 1806 the slave quarters were built. In 1826 the original house burned down. The new house, the current one, was left to Peter Eltinge and his family. Its brick style was a significant departure from its predecessor and many other since-demolished houses in the area; some of the vernacular elements of the Huguenot-style stone houses found on Huguenot Street in New Paltz and elsewhere remain. The date stone from the original house is located near the front door.</p><br>
<p>Eltinge&#39;s seven children divided the property upon his death in 1842. By this time the original farm was down to 175 acre. The brackets were added around 1880, along with a well house and horse block. In the early 20th century the Colonial Revival front porch was added.</p><br>
<p>The farm continued to decline, and by the 1930s 30 Eltinge heirs had a claim to the property. It was bought in 1932 by one of them, Isabella Bush, who installed a furnace, electricity and modern plumbing in it. At the time it was added to the National Register in 1996, one of her descendants, Robert Eltinge Lasher, was still living there with his wife.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing resources</h2><br>
<p>There are four other contributing resources included with the property. Three are extant structures, including two outbuildings, and one is the site of the original stone house.</p><br>
<p>The small two-by-two-bay -story stone building to the east was built to house slaves in 1806. Edmund Eltinge converted it to tenant farmer housing in 1817. In the mid-19th century a frame addition was built and the Greek Revival cornice with partial returns was also added.</p><br>
<p>To the north is a small spring house. Wood in the first story, otherwise made of stone, suggests it was constructed in the early 19th century; the frame second story was added at the end of that century. A ca.-1800 horse block is also among the outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Robert Lasher also describes a clapboard outhouse he and his siblings knew as the "Lilac House", from the surrounding bushes, from his childhood visits in the 1920s. It is no longer extant, although the bushes remain.</p><br>
<p>The original house site is visible as a small depression in the lawn to the immediate south of the current house. While a number of artifacts have been recovered from this site, there have been no formal archaeological excavations. It is believed that such investigations, if undertaken, could yield considerable information about the first 80 years of the property&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Nauset Archaeological District  is a National Historic Landmark District in Eastham, Massachusetts. Located within the southern portion of the Cape Cod National Seashore, this area was the location of substantial ancient settlements since at least 4,000 BC.</p><br>
<p>The first written account of this area was by Samuel de Champlain in 1605, in which he described sailing into a bay surrounded by the wigwams of the Nauset tribe (see map, right). The account detailed the settlements crops (e.g. corn, beans, squash, tobacco), housing (round wigwams covered with thatched reeds), and clothing (woven from grasses, hemp, and animal skins). De Champlains map also depicts one of their fishing methods, using a conical weir constructed of saplings and grass rope, designed to capture fish swimming from the marsh into a pond. To farm the land, they used stone hoes and fire-hardened wood tools. About 150 people were living at the site around Nauset Harbor, and about 500-600 were living around Stage Harbor to the south in the area of present-day Chatham. Archaeological studies have since shown that these settlements were occupied year-round.</p><br>
<p>After 1620, English colonists from the settlement at Plymouth visited Nauset many times to buy food and trade. In addition to goods for trade, however, the Europeans also unwittingly introduced diseases. Many of them died as a result, and their population declined drastically. In 1639 about half of the English from Plymouth relocated to the Nauset area, settling the town that is now Eastham.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. The area can be visited via the Fort Hill area of the Cape Cod National Seashore, off U. S. Route 6, where the Fort Hill and Red Maple Swamp trails wind from the top of the hill to the marsh and beyond.</p><br>
<p>The New Bedford Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District in New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States, west of the community&#39;s waterfront. During the 19th century, when the city was the center of the American whaling industry, this was its downtown. After its decline in the early and mid-20th century, through the efforts of local activist groups the district has since been preserved and restored to appear much as it was during that period.</p><br>
<p>Most of its buildings were erected between 1790 and 1855 by Russell Warren and other builders working in the Federal and Greek Revival architectural styles. Many of them reflect the legacy of whaling in the city&#39;s development. The district was designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Later it was recognized as a local historic district and protected by local zoning. One building within it, the USA Customhouse, is the oldest such facility currently in use and has been independently recognized as an NHL. Since 1996 the district has also been a part of New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is bounded by Front Street on the east, Elm Street on the north, Acushnet Avenue and the Central New Bedford Historic District on the west, and Commercial Street on the south. This area includes 11 city blocks and part of a twelfth. On these 19.6 acres (7.9 ha) are 20 buildings, mostly historic but with some modern intrusions, mainly parking lots, a gas station and newer additions to the New Bedford Whaling Museum. Cobblestone paving and gas lamps have been added since the historic district was designated, in order to recreate the neighborhood&#39;s 19th-century appearance.</p><br>
<p>Just east of the district is the John F. Kennedy Expressway (MA 18),</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Rise as whaling center</h3><br>
<p>New Bedfords potential as a whaling port was seen by Joseph Rotch, who moved to the recently settled area in 1765. He and Joseph Russell, a local landowner who is generally regarded as the citys founder, saw that it had a deep harbor that could receive seagoing vessels at docks. Nantucket, then the center of the American whaling industry, did not. Rotch and Russell attracted shipbuilders to the area, and soon one of their ships, the Dartmouth, sailed from the city&#39;s docks. In 1767, it carried the first load of New Bedford whale oil to London. By the time of the Revolution, there were 50 ships in the local fleet.</p><br>
<p>In 1778, the British Army burned the city in retaliation for the acts of local privateers. The fire destroyed 34 ships, 76 shops, 26 storehouses and 11 homes. After independence, the city concentrated on rebuilding its major industry, and in 1791, the Rebecca set sail, becoming the first American whaler to harvest oil from the Pacific. Two decades later, the War of 1812 again took a toll on the industry, which recovered again and by 1823, New Bedfords fleet equalled Nantuckets in tonnage. Four years later the citys whaling industry had surpassed the islands in barrels produced.</p><br>
<p>As the city prospered in the following years, much of the historic district was built. In the 1830s, Robert Mills designed the USA Customhouse, where whaling captains filed necessary paperwork and paid their tariffs and duties. Joseph Rotchs grandson William, by then a wealthy man, built his mansion, now the Rotch-Jones-Duff House and Garden Museum, further inland. The Seamens Bethel, built in 1832, became the traditional spot for sailors religious services before departing for the deep oceans, such as the one described in Herman Melvilles classic 1851 novel Moby-Dick, which begins in New Bedford.</p><br>
<p>By 1840, New Bedford, connected to the growing railroad network, had displaced Nantucket as the country&#39;s top whaling port. The streets grew busier and the houses grander. Early in Moby-Dick, Melville, who had lived there a decade earlier, describes the city at the height of its prosperity:</p><br>
<p>The New Bedford Institute for Savings (NBIS), now used as the National Park Services visitors center, was built in 1853.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and historic preservation era</h3><br>
<p>The whaling industry peaked in 1857, when New Bedford accounted for half the USA fleet. Growing competition from the new petroleum industry, and the impact of the Civil War, ensured that it would not recover as it had in the past. The Bethel was rebuilt after an 1867 fire, with a new exterior and an added tower. The NBIS building became a local courthouse, and the center of commercial activity in New Bedford moved west, where it has remained, as textiles became the city&#39;s dominant industry. The whaling museum was established in one of the old buildings in 1907. But ships lost at sea were not replaced as they had been before, and in 1927, the John R. Mantra made the last whaling voyage from the city and the last in American history.</p><br>
<p>Some of the old whaling buildings were torn down to make way for new construction in the 20th century, or deteriorated. But the customs house remained in use, as did many of the buildings in its neighborhood. In the mid-1950s director John Huston came to town with Gregory Peck to film a scene from his adaptation of Moby-Dick in front of the Seamen&#39;s Bethel. Although it was the only scene in the film actually shot in the city, it sparked a resurgence of tourist interest when it was released.</p><br>
<p>Citizens of New Bedford became interested in preserving and protecting the remnants of the city&#39;s whaling past. They formed the Waterfront Historic Area LeaguE (WHALE) in 1962.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the waterfront area was among the earliest National Historic Landmarks designated by the Secretary of the Interior. Five years later, in 1971, WHALE succeeded in getting today&#39;s historic district designated as the Bedford Landing Waterfront Historic District. The city later enacted zoning regulations to preserve its character.</p><br>
<p>Thirty years later, Congress passed legislation creating New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park, commemorating the citys past. It included the entire historic district within its boundaries, and the park service chose the old NBIS building as its visitors center. In 2008, WHALE turned over the neighboring Corson Building, built 1875-84, to the Park Service, which it had renovated after a 1997 fire. Plans call for it to be used for educational purposes related to the park, with a 60-seat theater, archival space, seminar room, and similar features.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Several of the district&#39;s properties are notable. Two have been added to the National Register in their own right, and one has further been designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Mariners Home. The oldest building in the district, this Federal style stone structure dates to 1790. It was originally built as William Rotchs home, and moved to its present location from William and North Water streets.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Rodman Candlehouse. This stone (later stucco) structure dates to 1810. One of the oldest commercial buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>Seamens Bethel. White clapboard church first built in 1832 and mentioned (as Whalemens Chapel) by Melville in Moby-Dick. Redesigned and expanded after 1867 fire.</p><br>
<p>Mechanics Bank and Merchants Bank Building. Warren-designed bank building along North Water Street with Ionic columns in facade was first Greek Revival commercial building in district in 1831.</p><br>
<p>USA Customhouse. Robert Mills-designed Greek Revival public building opened in 1836. Still in use by USA Customs and Border Protection as a port of entry, and has been designated a National Historic Landmark in its own right.</p><br>
<p>Old Third District Courthouse. Warren-built sandstone Greek Revival building opened in 1853 on opposite corner from Customhouse as New Bedford Institute for Savings.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The City of New Bedford maintains the historic character of the district through its zoning, a condition of the state historic-district designation.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Monument in Danville, originally located between Centre College and the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Main and College Streets in Danville, Kentucky, was a monument dedicated to the Confederate States of America that is on the National Register of Historic Places. The monument was dedicated in 1910 by the surviving veterans of the Confederacy of Boyle County, Kentucky and the Kate Morrison Breckinridge Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy . In 2021, it was relocated to a museum in Meade County, Kentucky.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The monument consists of a granite pedestal and a marble statue resting thereon. The marble figure depicts Captain Robert D. Logan, who actually came from Lincoln County, Kentucky, but lived after the war in Boyle County. Captain Logan served under John Hunt Morgan in the 6th Kentucky Cavalrys Company A, and was captured after Morgans Raid in Cheshire, Ohio on July 20, 1863, and spent much of the war afterwards in prison camps, particularly the Ohio State Penitentiary. He died on June 25, 1896, fourteen years before the construction of the monument. The granite pedestal is twelve feet tall, and uses pairs of Doric columns to decorate it. The main inscription, on the front side of the monument, reads: C.S.A. / UDC / 1861 - 1865 / ERECTED BY THE U.D.C. AND VETERANS OF BOYLE CO. TO THE CONFEDERATE DEAD. The inscription on the back side of the monument reads: "WHAT THEY WERE THE WHOLE WORLD KNOWS."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Danvilles participation in the war was limited. The courthouse and several buildings of Centre College served as hospitals for Union forces after the Battle of Perryville. On October 11, Confederate forces retreated through the city with a Union force behind them. Danville was also the birthplace of Theodore OHara, whose Bivouac of the Dead would be a popular poem placed in various cemeteries for the War&#39;s dead.</p><br>
<p>After the war, many citizens of Danville gave up their eventual burial spots in the city&#39;s Bellevue Cemetery to form a Confederate cemetery in 1868, with 66 fallen Confederate soldiers reinterred there. This cemetery adjoins the Danville National Cemetery (1862) that was reserved for former Union troops.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, the Confederate Monument in Danville was one of sixty different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. Three other monuments on the MPS are also in Boyle County, all of which commemorate the Battle of Perryville. These are the Confederate Monument in Perryville and Union Monument in Perryville, both by the visitor center at Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site, and the Unknown Confederate Dead Monument in Perryville, located in a nearby private cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Removal</h2><br>
<p>In 2019, the Session of The Presbyterian Church of Danville voted to remove the monument from church grounds and petitioned the City of Danville to allow the monuments relocation to Bellevue Cemetery. After the City refused to allow the relocation, the UDC selected an alternative site in Meade County, Kentucky and, with the agreement of The Presbyterian Church, removed the monument from the churchs property on December 29, 2021.</p><br>
<p>The George R. Minot House is a National Historic Landmark in Brookline, Massachusetts. It is an architecturally undistinguished vernacular Colonial Revival brick house, probably built in the 1920s. The -story main block has an attached -story ell, and two end chimneys. The hip roof is pierced by gabled dormers, and a pedimented portico shelters the front entry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house is significant as the home of Dr. George R. Minot (1885–1950), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 for discovering a cure for pernicious anemia. Minot had a long history of interest in anemia, and performed his groundbreaking research while chief of medical services at Boston&#39;s Collis Huntington Memorial Hospital in the 1920s. He continued research on blood-related diseases at the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory of Boston City Hospital until his retirement in 1948. He died in 1950 from complications associated with diabetes mellitus, which afflicted him in 1921 and might have killed him soon thereafter, had insulin not been discovered the following year. Minot was also a full professor at Harvard Medical School, and was the first American to receive the Moxon Medal from the Royal College of Physicians. Some of his students went on to continue research in blood-related diseases based on his research methods, and the American Medical Association established a lecture series in his honor.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 7, 1976.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church is a parish of the Episcopal Church near Point of Rocks, Frederick County, Maryland, in the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland. It is noted for its historic parish church, a small late Federal style brick structure built in 1842.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Members of St. Marks Parish in nearby Petersville successfully petitioned for the creation of a new parish by the name of St. Pauls in 1841. The congregation met in an old tobacco house until the completion of the church, which was built in 1842 and consecrated in 1843. Land for the church was donated by John Weitz and Col. David Duvall, who each gave half an acre.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War the church&#39;s furnishings were stripped by Union troops who were using the church as a hospital. After the passage of the Tucker Act, the church vestry successfully sued the USA government in the USA Court of Claims for $1000 damages, which was used for restoration.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 inquiries began into the construction of a new chapel, also named St. Pauls. After floods of the Potomac River, the vestry moved the chapel to high ground, and it was consecrated in 1912 as the Church of the Holy Trinity. Liturgical activity migrated there, and by the 1920s St. Pauls was only used twice a year. As the years progressed, however, Holy Trinity proved more difficult to maintain, and on May 22, 1966, it was closed permanently, with the congregation returning to St. Paul&#39;s after extensive renovations. It was rededicated October 5, 1969 by Bishop Harry Lee Dall, and in 1974, the Diocese of Maryland sold Holy Trinity to a Baptist congregation.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built of local brick by slaves from the nearby Duvall plantation, the church is uniquely austere in an area where the typical country church is a frame or brick Gothic vernacular style. Its features include a Dutch gable with a Palladian window.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church of Sterling is a historic church in Sterling, Illinois, United States. The church was built in 1897 and 1898 and is an example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On May 15, 1896 it was announced that the Congregationalists in Sterling were set to construct a new church. Later that year, on July 1, it was reported in the local Sterling Gazette that an architect&#39;s design had been selected and that the church would cost a total of US$15,000. In the end the building cost US$25,000 to erect. Construction was completed between 1897&ndash;98.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed of red Portage sandstone and is located in the heart of downtown Sterling. The church&#39;s square tower rises 100 ft into the air and dominates the structure. The building also features some of the most elaborate stained glass fenestration in Sterling. In fact, it has been reported that locals sometimes knew the building only as "the church with the windows". The auditorium is semi-circular and octagonal in shape.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church of Sterling was designed by architect Wesley Arnold in the Richardsonian Romanesque style and built by builder P.J. Van Horne. The building has several elements of the style including: heavy sandstone foundation which contrasts with smooth and rough faced brick, wide round arches over rows of windows, and the buildings two towers. The building is laid out in what was known as the "Akron Plan". The Akron Plan for church buildings was popularized by architectural pattern books and featured a semi-circular auditorium surrounded by segmented Sunday school classrooms on one or two floors.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church is significant for its architecture as a local example of a Richardsonian Romanesque religious building. It is the only church of its kind in all of Whiteside County. The church is also locally significant as a religious institution. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places November 7, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The John Paul Jones Memorial, also known as Commodore John Paul Jones, is a monument in West Potomac Park, Washington, D.C. The memorial honors John Paul Jones, the United States&#39; first naval war hero, and received the Congressional Gold Medal after the American Revolutionary War ended. Jones allegedly said "I have not yet begun to fight!" during the Battle of Flamborough Head.</p><br>
<p>Born in Scotland as John Paul, he emigrated to the United States in the 1760s and added Jones to his name. He had been a seaman since the age 13 and when the war broke out with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, he joined the Continental Navy. He was soon promoted to captain and commanded his first ship, followed by. After his decisive win at the Battle of Flamborough Head, he continued raiding ports and British ships, endearing him to French citizens. His last ship was, which he used to collect money from countries that owed debts. For his service in the war, Jones was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, the only naval officer to receive one.</p><br>
<p>Jones died in France and his grave was not discovered by Americans until 1906. His body was brought back to the USA, and there were immediate calls for a memorial to be erected in Washington, D.C., to honor one of the Revolutionary Wars greatest heroes. Congress approved the memorial plans and allocated $50,000 for its installation. The dedication ceremony took place on April 17, 1912, with prominent attendees including President William Howard Taft, First Lady Helen Herron Taft, Navy Secretary George von Lengerke Meyer, and Horace Porter, who was responsible for locating Jones grave. Charles H. Niehaus was the sculptor and Thomas Hastings, a partner in the Carrère and Hastings firm, was the architect.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is located at the terminus of 17th Street SW and Independence Avenue SW, near the Tidal Basin. The bronze statue, depicting Jones watching a battle while wearing a military uniform, stands on a tall marble pylon. Decorative elements include inscriptions, carved eagles, and carved dolphins used in small fountains. The memorial is one of 14 American Revolution Statuary listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. It is also a contributing property to the East and West Potomac Parks Historic District and the L&#39;Enfant Plan.</p><br>
<h2>Biography</h2><br>
<p>John Paul Jones was born John Paul in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, in 1747. He began working on ships at age 13. He emigrated to Virginia in 1764 and added Jones to his surname. Jones sided with the colonials when the American Revolutionary War began. He joined the Continental Navy in 1755, obtaining the rank of lieutenant thanks to influential friends. He was promoted to captain not long after, commanding USS Providence and USS Ranger. He conducted successful raids on British ports and ships, earning the admiration of the French people.</p><br>
<p>Jones was given a French ship which he renamed (Poor Richard), in honor of Benjamin Franklin. In 1779, Jones encountered two British warships, Countess of Scarborough and, and successfully won the Battle of Flamborough Head. It was during this battle that Jones allegedly told British Captain Richard Pearson a famous quote "Surrender? I have not yet begun to fight!" after his ship received heavy damage. Jones&#39; popularity with the French resulted in him not returning to the colonies until 1781.</p><br>
<p>After returning to the colonies, Jones was given command of USS America. At the conclusion of the war, the United States selected Jones to retrieve money owed to American citizens. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for his service in the war, the only such medal awarded to someone from the Navy. After the war, he worked for the naval forces in other countries. Following years of search for his grave, it was brought back to the United States in 1902, and later entombed in the Naval Academy Chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial plans</h2><br>
<p>After his remains were brought back to the USA, there were immediate calls for a monument honoring the nations first naval hero. A few years earlier in 1902, Representative Frank D. Currier introduced a bill in Congress that would authorize the erection of a memorial at a cost of $50,000. In his statement before the House of Representatives, Currier said: "While there is so much talk at present about our great naval heroes we should not forget the first great American naval commander. There is no more interesting character in our history than Paul Jones, and it is a shame that there is not at the Capital of the nation a suitable monument to his memory." It wasnt until 1909 that Congress passed a bill to erect the memorial on public land and allocated $50,000 for its installation.</p><br>
<p>The sculptor chosen for Jones statue was Charles H. Niehaus, whose other well-known works include the Samuel Hahnemann Monument in Washington, D.C., the statue of James A. Garfield in Cincinnati, the Apotheosis of St. Louis in St. Louis, and numerous works in the National Statuary Hall Collection and the Connecticut State Capitol. The architect for the memorial was Thomas Hastings, a partner in the Carrère and Hastings firm. John Grignolai was selected to carve the ornamentations on the memorials pedestal and the Gorham Manufacturing Company casts the statue.</p><br>
<h2>Dedication</h2><br>
<p>The day of the dedication ceremony, April 17, 1912, was rainy, yet thousands of people stood in the rain to watch the procession and unveiling. Navy Secretary George von Lengerke Meyer presided over the event and spoke during the dedication introduction, followed by Reverend Charles Wood giving the invocation. There were three stands on different sides of the memorial, with a capacity of over 1,000 people. The Marine Band stood behind the memorial, playing patriotic music. In the Tidal Basin, located behind the memorial, seven ships of the Navy were stationed for the event.</p><br>
<p>Horace Porter, who was the one to locate Jones tomb while serving as USA ambassador to France, spoke next. He called Jones a "rugged sailor, and yet a polished courtier" who could "tread the ballroom floor as gracefully as the bloody deck of the frigates." The unveiling was done by Admiral George Dewey, a naval hero of the Spanish–American War. After this, there was a 21-gun salute, followed by remarks from President William Howard Taft that praised Jones life and career. Niehaus was then introduced to the crowd The closing remarks were given by Reverend William T. Russell. British Ambassador James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, was supposed to attend the event, but in lieu of the sinking of the Titanic which had occurred two days prior, he was busy dealing with the crisis.</p><br>
<p>The ceremony ended with a procession of 2,500 members of the Navy and Army walking past the memorial, reviewed by President Taft, First Lady Helen Herron Taft, and Colonel Spencer Cosby. The contingent, led by grand marshal Brigadier General Robert K. Evans, included midshipmen, Marines, and seamen. Army members of the contingent included soldiers in the United States Cavalry, Army National Guard, and Field Artillery Branch.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>On November 8, 1964, the East and West Potomac Parks Historic District, of which the Jones memorial is a contributing property, was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS). The statue is one of fourteen American Revolution Statuary that was collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on July 14, 1978, and added to the DCIHS on March 3, 1979. The memorial is also a contributing property to the LEnfant Plans listing on the NRHP and DCIHS. It was added to the DCIHS on January 23, 1997, and the NRHP on April 24, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The memorial is located in a small triangular lot in West Potomac Park, at the intersection of Independence Avenue SW and the terminus of 17th Street SW in Washington, D.C. Located on the northern edge of the Tidal Basin, the memorial stands south of the World War II Memorial on the National Mall.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The bronze statue of Jones is approximately 10.8 feet tall (3.3 m), 3.2 feet wide (1 m), and 3.6 feet deep (1.1 m). He is depicted standing and watching a naval battle from Bonhomme Richard deck. He is wearing a colonial military uniform, including a three-pointed hat, a coat, and a vest. His left leg is slightly ahead of the body. His left hand is resting on a sword and the right hand is in a fist, relaxing by his side.</p><br>
<p>The statue stands in front of a 15-foot (4.6 m) pylon made of marble. At the top of the pylon are carvings of an eagle with a wreath, and decorative anchors on each side of the eagle. Two small wreaths are just above the inscription of Jones&#39; name. At the base of the pylon are carved helmets, battle instruments, and foliage. The back of the pylon features a relief of Jones hoisting a flag on a British warship. There are three steps on the north and south faces of the memorial, each side featuring carved dolphins spouting water into a basin. There is a relief panel above each dolphin depicting axes, swords, and other battle equipment.</p><br>
<h3>Inscriptions</h3><br>
<p>Inscriptions on the memorial include the following words:</p><br>
<p>(north side of pylon, above statue)</p><br>
<p>JOHN PAUL JONES</p><br>
<p>(statue platform, left side)</p><br>
<p>C.H.NIEHAUS Sc.</p><br>
<p>1911</p><br>
<p>(statue platform, right side)</p><br>
<p>Gorham Co. Founders</p><br>
<p>(base, north side)</p><br>
<p>1747. 1792.</p><br>
<p>FIRST</p><br>
<p>TO COMPEL FOREIGN</p><br>
<p>MAN-OF-WAR</p><br>
<p>TO STRIKE COLORS</p><br>
<p>TO THE</p><br>
<p>STARS AND STRIPES</p><br>
<p>(pylon, south side above relief)</p><br>
<p>SURRENDER?</p><br>
<p>I HAVE NOT YET BEGUN TO FIGHT!</p><br>
<p>(pylon, south side below relief)</p><br>
<p>IN LIFE HE HONORED</p><br>
<p>THE FLAG. IN DEATH THE</p><br>
<p>FLAG SHALL HONOR HIM</p><br>
<p>Genesee Park is a park in Jefferson County, Colorado. It is the largest park in the Denver Mountain Parks system, with a total of 2,413 acre. The land for Genesee Park was initially purchased in 1912 and the park area was largely complete by 1926.</p><br>
<p>The park contains two mountains, Genesee Mountain at 8,284 ft above sea level and Bald Mountain at 7,988 ft above sea level. The park also contains forests of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine. Interstate 70 traverses the park between exits 252 and 254 along the Lariat Loop Scenic & Historic Byway. On I-70 just west of exit 254, there are scenic overlooks for both directions for viewing the historic Bison herd, which live on maintained pastures on the north and south sides of I-70. The park&#39;s bison herd is owned by the City and County of Denver. Some of the original bison were acquired from Yellowstone National Park by the Denver Zoo and the City of Denver as early leaders in the conservation of bison. The bison herd moved here in 1914 and was expanded to Daniels Park in 1938. Thirty five bison were distributed to Native American tribes in 2023.</p><br>
<p>Chief Hosa Lodge, designed by Jacques Benedict, was built in 1918. A historical point of interest near Exit 253, it is used as an event facility. The nearby Chief Hosa Campground serves recreational travelers each year between May and September. A large stone picnic shelter near Genesee Mountain was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1939. There is a "Braille trail" area with signs and guide ropes.</p><br>
<p>Snow ski jumping competitions were held 1921–1927 with thousands of spectators.</p><br>
<p>Bryantsville United Methodist Church, formerly known as Bryantsville Methodist Church, is a United Methodist church located in the area named Bryantsville in Garrard County, Kentucky near Lancaster. The Romanesque style building was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The records of this congregation date back at least to 1857, and the present structure was largely completed in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The Lancaster Commercial Historic District is a registered historic district located in Lancaster, Kentucky that was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>It includes the Garrard County Courthouse, built in 1868, which was the third-built courthouse of the area.</p><br>
<p>The district was deemed notable as containing "Lancasters best contiguous collection of buildings illustrating Lancasters commercial and architectural development. In a six block area there are Federal log and brick structures, Gothic Revival church, Italianate cast iron store fronts, Queen Anne bay windows, and symmetrical Classical Revival detailing."</p><br>
<p>The William Ritzman House is a historic house just outside the corporate village limits of Orangeville, Illinois. The house was built around 1847 and is of brick construction in the Greek Revival style. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The William Ritzman House was built in around 1847 by settler William Ritzman, originally from Union County, Pennsylvania. Ritzman was a lieutenant during the Mexican War and eventually became one of Orangeville&#39;s leading citizens. Beginning in 1974 the house underwent a restoration that lasted more than 25 years and returned the house to its original state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival Ritzman House was built by an unknown contractor during a time period when Greek Revival style was becoming popular in the Midwest. The brick Ritzman House incorporates several elements common to Greek Revival structures including: a low-pitch gable roof, cornice lines with a wide trim band, and an elaborate door surround with a narrow transom line and sidelights. The Ritzman House belongs to a class of Greek Revival homes that lack front porches, this occurs in about 20 percent of residential Greek Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Ritzman House is a locally significant example of Greek Revival architecture. It maintains a high degree of architectural integrity despite undergoing many changes through the years. During an architectural survey of area rural Greek Revival houses, the Ritzman house was one of 26 surveyed across ten small towns, and one of four considered "worthy of note".</p><br>
<p>The Stuber–Stone Building is located at 4221–4229 Cass Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Stuber–Stone building was built in 1916 by developer David W. Simmons. It had two separate entrances, and originally was subdivided to house multiple tenants. The building initially housed the automobile dealership of Stuber–Stone & Company, who sold Columbia Motors (founded in Detroit by William E. Metzger) and Abbott-Detroit cars. Stuber–Stone was founded in 1917 by Edwin W. Stuber, Norman T. Stone and Otto R. Neumann. The company occupied the occupied 4221-4227 Cass portion of the building, with the Rotary Tire Service Company (owned by Stuber) occupying 4229 Cass.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, Owen Tire and Auto Supply Company replaced Rotary Tire, and in 1924, the Hupmobile dealership of D. E. Meyer Company moved into the building, replacing Stuber–Stone. In 1930, Jordan Distributors, Inc. who distributed Jordan Motor Cars, moved in. A series of other automobile dealers and parts suppliers occupied portions of the building into the 1940s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Stuber–Stone building is a two-story brick Sullivanesque commercial building measuring 100 feet by 150 feet. The main facade is divided into five bays two-story piers, with three wider bays containing storefronts in the center and on each end, and two narrower bays containing entrances interspersed. The right-hand entrance has an arched opening trimmed in limestone, and rectangular terra cotta panels are located on the piers flanking the entrance. The first and second floors are divided by a wide decorative spandrel.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor, each of the bays contains a bank of tall, narrow, windows, with nine in the central bay, four in the narrower entry bays, and six in the outer bays. Decorative terra cotta panels are placed above and below the windows. The upper panel in the central bay of the building contains a circular medallion in the shape of a wheel, with a Stuber–Stone & Co. name plate. Each pier separating the bays is topped with a lion figurine perched on its hind legs and holding a shield. The main facade&#39;s design wraps around onto some of the right-hand elevation; the remainder of the building exterior is industrial in character.</p><br>
<p>The Crescent Brass and Pin Company Building is located at 5766 Trumbull Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1886, Alvin W. Needham designed a machine to manufacture cigar box nails. He enlisted the support and investment of John and William Gray, brothers who operated a carriage building business.</p><br>
<p>The three men founded the Empire Wire Nail Company to manufacture nails, operating out of John Gray&#39;s barn on Trumbull. Meanwhile, Needham invented another machine to make radiator chaplets (casting devices used to hold cores in place during a pour). Chaplets proved to be a more lucrative business than nails, and the company gradually shifted its production in that direction.</p><br>
<p>The business stayed in John Grays barn until 1897, when it moved to the building on Adams that housed Grays carriage works. At the same time, Needham sold out to the Gray brothers, and the company name was changed to the Crescent Machine Co. The company expanded from there, and soon the Gray brothers were working full-time at Crescent. In 1905, Crescent outgrew their lodgings on Adams, and built a new building on Trumbull just north of John Gray&#39;s property. A few years later, plumbing supplies were added to the manufacturing list, and the company changed its name to Crescent Brass & Pin Company.</p><br>
<p>The company produced multiple products over its history, although nails and chaplets continued to be the backbone of its business. Crescent stayed at the location on Trumbull until 1958, when, due to labor troubles, it moved to Americus, Georgia, and re-organized as Simplex Nails, Inc. Although some manufacturing operations were later returned to the Trumbull plant, operations in Detroit never fully recovered, and Crescent ceased manufacturing in Detroit in 1984, donating the building to the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul.</p><br>
<p>In September 2001, the building was purchased by 5766 Trumbull LLC with the intention of converting the former factory into affordable lofts. In spring 2005, construction began; a third floor was added to the original two-story structure and the entire building renovated into 35 loft spaces. In October 2006, the first new resident moved into the renovated building. The building has been renamed Research Lofts on Trumbull.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Detroit architectural firm of Rogers and MacFarlane designed the original building in 1905. This building exemplifies the standard timber frame mill construction that was popular in Michigan well into the early 20th century. The large posts and beams created relatively large spaces free from interspersed columns and easily adaptable to large machinery. Massive posts and exposed floor joists were constructed to slow the spread of fire and aid in its detection by eliminating hidden spaces.</p><br>
<p>The building was enlarged in several stages, the first in 1916, then later in 1917, 1924, and the early 1950s. These later additions were built using reinforced concrete, exemplifying the change in industrial architecture during the first part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Oscar Taylor House is a historic house in the city of Freeport, Illinois. The house was built in 1857 and served as a "station" on the Underground Railroad during the American Civil War. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Oscar Taylor House was built for Freeport banker and attorney Oscar Taylor in 1857. Taylor, the son of Speaker of the House John W. Taylor, opened Freeport&#39;s first bank in 1852. The house became a social and cultural center in Freeport, hosting many prominent guests. During the American Civil War the house was used as a station on the Underground Railroad. Fugitive slaves were hidden in the basement behind a secret door fronted with shelving. The door still remains. The house was in the Taylor family until 1944 when it was gifted to form the Stephenson County Historical Society and turned into a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Taylor House is an Italianate stone house of locally quarried, rough-faced limestone. It was designed by Otis L. Wheelock of the Chicago firm, Boyington and Wheelock. The house was the first of Freeports large houses. The house is two stories tall with a full basement and full attic. It has a symmetrical plan but its symmetry is not plainly obvious because of the buildings varied composition. It is topped by a cupola above and a projecting kitchen wing below, and also possesses projecting polygonal bays and a rear sunroom. These factors make the structure&#39;s symmetry difficult to discern.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Oscar Taylor House is significant in the areas of commerce and architecture. In the commerce area it is significant because of its association with Oscar Taylor, a prominent local businessman. It is also a good example of an Italianate mansion and was important as a stop on the Underground Railroad. The Oscar Taylor House was added to the National Register of Historic Places May 11, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Park Street District is a historic district encompassing a small cluster of historic properties on or near Park Street in the heart of Boston, Massachusetts. The district covers an entire city block delineated by Park Street, Beacon Street, School Street, and Tremont Street, just east of the Boston Common. The district reflects an early design of the area by architect Charles Bulfinch, although only a few buildings from his period survive.</p><br>
<p>The Amory–Ticknor House (1804), Chester Harding House (1808), Boston Athenæum (1847), Congregational Library & Archives (1898), Park Street Church (1807), Granary Burying Ground (1660) and Suffolk University Law School (1999) are all within the district. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Graybar Electric Company Building is located at 55 West Canfield Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. This warehouse building was rented to the Graybar Electric Company from 1926 into the 1940s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Graybar Electric Company was founded in 1869 in Cleveland, Ohio to sell communications equipment to the public. The company was instantly successful and soon Anson Stager, General Superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph Company, bought in and moved the company to Chicago. In 1872 the business was incorporated as the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. The company grew rapidly after the 1875 invention of the telephone, becoming more involved with manufacturing telephone apparatus, as well continuing to manufacture and distribute a range of electrical equipment.</p><br>
<p>By 1926, Western Electric was so enormous that it spun off a separate entity specifically to handle the distribution of electrical supplies and equipment. This new entity was named Graybar, echoing the companys original 1869 name. The new company was immediately the countrys leading wholesaler of electrical supplies and equipment, with 59 distributing houses across the US. This building in Detroit was constructed in 1926 by C.F. Haglin & Sons for the Graybar Electric Company. Haglin leased the building to Graybar, who occupied the building well into the 1940s. The building later was used by the Detroit Board of Education as their Audio-Visual Department. In 2000, the building was converted into loft space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Graybar Electric Company Building is a three-story, brick and concrete, industrial style building, originally constructed to house offices and warehouse space. The brick front facade is symmetrical, divided into bays by brick piers which rise from a stone string course between the first and second stories. The piers terminate in a stepped parapet, with both parapet and pier tops made from cast stone. The entrance is off center, with garage door openings to one side. Windows on the upper floors are grouped between the piers, with three windows per bay on the inner bays and two windows per bay on the outer bays. Above each outer bay is a cast stone panel bearing a shield.</p><br>
<p>The Willis Avenue Station is a steam production plant used in Detroits district steam heating system. The plant is located at 50 West Willis Street, near Woodward Avenue, in the center of the citys Midtown Detroit neighborhood. Built and owned by the Detroit Edison Company, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Detroit Edison was organized in 1903 to build and operate electric plants in Detroit. The Willis Avenue station was the first steam power substation used by Detroit Edison for the production of steam heat. Three other plants serve the central heating district of Detroit.</p><br>
<p>When the plant first went on line in 1904, there were 3,000 ft of mains in place, serving only 12 customers. During the summer of that year, an additional 10,000 ft of mains were constructed, and the infrastructure was increased as the years passed. By the mid-1940s, there were 42 mi of underground mains and serving approximately 1,650 customers. During that time, the Willis Avenue Plant was updated and altered numerous times to serve the heating needs of the community, especially between 1916-1927. The station continues to serve the Cass Farm Survey Area.</p><br>
<h3>Henry Ford</h3><br>
<p>This station in located near the original location of an electric generating sub-station owned and operated by the Edison Illuminating Company. It began operation in 1886. Henry Ford began his career with the Edison Illuminating Company on September 25, 1891 assigned to this substation as a Steam Engineer, working the 6:00pm to 6:00am shift.</p><br>
<p>The Studio Building is a historic building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and located at 2045 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, California.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Studio Building dates back to 1905. It stood as the tallest building in downtown Berkeley in the time of its construction. It was built by Frederick H. Dakin for use by his real estate investment company. The architect was probably Clarence Dakin.</p><br>
<p>The top floor of the building was designed as artists&#39; studios and included a gallery space. The building was the original location of the California College of the Arts, founded by Frederick Meyer in 1907. The school, known originally as the School of the California Guild of the Arts and Crafts, moved to larger quarters after its first year. Other early tenants of the building included architect John Hudson Thomas, painters Henry J. Breuer and Evelyn A. Withrow, and photographers Oscar Maurer and Edwin James McCullagh. A school of performing arts opened there in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The building is five stories tall and built of masonry with a tiled mansard roof and rounded upper floor window bays. The first-floor bays, used as shop fronts, were originally built in the form of a series of alternating rounded and pointed arches, although some of these have since been covered. The buildings name is set into the tile floor at the entrance, with the image of an artists palette created by Frederick&#39;s brother, the well-known artist Edwin Deakin.</p><br>
<p>By the time of Frederick Dakin&#39;s death in 1917 the building was called the Berkeley Hotel. The building was restored in the late 1970s, and has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978.</p><br>
<p>Copps Hill Terrace is a historic terrace and park between Commercial and Charter Streets west of Jackson Avenue on Copps Hill in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts near Copp&#39;s Hill Burying Ground. Designed and built in the 1890s, it is the only public park designed for the city by the noted landscape architect Charles Eliot, and one of the few larger public spaces in the densely-built North End. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Copps Hill is the highest point in Bostons North End and the third-highest point in the city, after Beacon Hill and Roxburys Fort Hill. Copps Hill Terrace is set on the north side of the hill, which slopes steeply to the waterfront of Bostons inner harbor. The Terrace is separated from the waterfront area by Commercial Street and Langone Park, the latter originating in the same park planning process that produced the Terrace. The Terrace consists of a landscaped arrangement of granite steps, knee-walls and banisters with cast-iron parapets ascending to a large plaza overlooking Commercial Street and the mouth of the Mystic River. The Copps Hill Burying Ground lies immediately south of the Terrace.</p><br>
<p>A small community of free African Americans lived on the steep slope of Copps Hill from the 17th to the 19th century. Members of this community were buried in the Copps Hill Burying Ground. By the late 19th century, much of the land in the area was owned by the Boston Gas Light Company, and the hillside was crowded with tenement houses. Funding to develop this area as a city park was secured in the early 1890s by John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, then a city counselor and later its mayor. The city took land down to the waterfront by eminent domain in 1893. The area, including what was first called North End Park and is now Langone Park, was intended by designer Charles Eliot to provide both passive and active recreation opportunities, giving the local residents a respite from the otherwise crowded conditions. Although his early designs were more informal, city leaders prevailed for a more formal design, which was eventually implemented. The final construction included grassy areas and trees, and included conduits for the provision of electric lighting.</p><br>
<p>From the terrace, a large crowd observed the destruction wrought by Boston&#39;s Great Molasses Flood of 1919.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
